Gastrointestinal & Digestion

Norfloxacin (400mg) and Tinidazole (600mg) Tablets is a fixed-dose broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiprotozoal combination. Norfloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV. Tinidazole is a second-generation nitroimidazole that causes DNA strand breakage in anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Indicated for acute infectious diarrhea, amoebic dysentery (Entamoeba histolytica), mixed bacterial-protozoal enteritis, and giardiasis.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash (0.2% w/v; with or without Sodium Fluoride 0.05% and Zinc Chloride 0.09%) is an oral broad-spectrum antiseptic and anti-plaque rinse on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. As a cationic bisbiguanide, chlorhexidine binds tenaciously to bacterial cell walls and oral pellicles, adsorbing to oral surfaces and releasing slowly over 12 hours (substantivity) to provide sustained bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. Indicated for prevention and treatment of gingivitis, dental plaque reduction, aphthous ulcers, post-periodontal surgery hygiene, and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU patients.

Bisacodyl Tablets (5mg) is an oral stimulant laxative on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It acts locally on the colonic mucosa after passage through the small bowel, stimulating enteric intramural plexuses to induce mass peristalsis and promote fluid and electrolyte accumulation in the lumen. Onset of action is 6 to 12 hours. Indicated for short-term relief of occasional constipation and bowel prep prior to colonoscopy or abdominal surgery.

Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride Tablets (4mg) and Syrup (2mg/5ml; alone or with Tricholine Citrate) is a first-generation piperidine antihistamine and potent serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonist on the WHO Model List framework. By blocking 5-HT2 serotonergic receptors in the ventromedial satiety center of the hypothalamus, it stimulates appetite and increases caloric intake and body weight. Concurrently, it blocks peripheral H1 histamine receptors and muscarinic receptors. Indicated for appetite stimulation in underweight or failure-to-thrive patients, allergic rhinitis, and urticaria.

Dicyclomine Hydrochloride Tablets (10mg) is an oral synthetic tertiary amine antispasmodic. It possesses specific anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) and direct musculotropic relaxant effects on gastrointestinal smooth muscle, eliminating visceral spasms and hypermotility. Indicated for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional enterospasm, and abdominal cramping.

Paracetamol (325mg) and Dicyclomine Hydrochloride (20mg) Tablets is a fixed-dose antispasmodic and analgesic combination. Dicyclomine blocks muscarinic M1/M3 receptors on smooth muscle and produces direct musculotropic relaxation of the gastrointestinal and biliary tracts. Paracetamol provides centrally acting pain relief. Indicated for spasmodic abdominal pain, intestinal colic, biliary colic, renal colic, and painful dysmenorrhea.

Domperidone Tablets (10mg) and Suspension (5mg/5ml) is a peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist antiemetic and prokinetic on the WHO Model List framework. Because it does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, it acts primarily at the chemoreceptor trigger zone (outside the blood-brain barrier) and gastrointestinal tract, stimulating upper GI motility, increasing LES pressure, and accelerating gastric emptying. Indicated for relief of symptoms of nausea and vomiting of various etiologies, and diabetic gastroparesis.

Domperidone Tablets (10mg) and Suspension (5mg/5ml) is a peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist antiemetic and prokinetic on the WHO Model List framework. Because it does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, it acts primarily at the chemoreceptor trigger zone (outside the blood-brain barrier) and gastrointestinal tract, stimulating upper GI motility, increasing LES pressure, and accelerating gastric emptying. Indicated for relief of symptoms of nausea and vomiting of various etiologies, and diabetic gastroparesis.

Dried Aluminium Hydroxide (250mg), Magnesium Hydroxide (250mg), and Activated Dimethicone (50mg) Tablets and Suspension is a classic balanced antacid and antiflatulent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Aluminium hydroxide provides slow, prolonged acid neutralization (constipating), while magnesium hydroxide acts rapidly (laxative), providing a well-balanced bowel action. Dimethicone defoams gas bubbles, relieving gastric fullness and flatulence. Indicated for symptomatic relief of heartburn, acid indigestion, hyperacidity, and peptic ulcer symptoms.

Famotidine Tablets (20mg, 40mg) is a potent, highly selective competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It is approximately 8 times more potent than ranitidine and 30 times more potent than cimetidine on a weight basis, without binding to hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes or displaying antiandrogenic activity. Indicated for short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcer, active benign gastric ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and pathological hypersecretory conditions.

Famotidine Tablets (20mg, 40mg) is a potent, highly selective competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It is approximately 8 times more potent than ranitidine and 30 times more potent than cimetidine on a weight basis, without binding to hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes or displaying antiandrogenic activity. Indicated for short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcer, active benign gastric ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and pathological hypersecretory conditions.

Furazolidone Tablets (100mg) is a synthetic nitrofuran broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiprotozoal agent. It interferes with bacterial enzyme systems and DNA metabolism, displaying bactericidal activity against GI pathogens including Salmonella, Shigella, enteropathogenic E. coli, and protozoa such as Giardia lamblia. Indicated for bacterial diarrhea, enteritis, and giardiasis.

Hyoscine Butylbromide Tablets (10mg) is a peripheral antimuscarinic antispasmodic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. As a quaternary ammonium derivative, it does not cross the blood-brain barrier, exerting potent localized smooth muscle relaxant effects on the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, and urinary system without central anticholinergic adverse effects. Indicated for acute abdominal cramps, irritable bowel syndrome spasms, and spastic dysmenorrhea.

Lactic Acid Bacillus (Lactobacillus sporogenes / Bacillus coagulans 60 Million spores) and Multi-Strain Probiotic/Prebiotic Formulations (Bacillus mesentericus, Clostridium butyricum, L. sporogenes, Streptococcus faecalis) is an oral symbiotic gut flora supplement. Lactic acid-producing spores survive stomach acidity and colonize the intestinal brush border, lowering luminal pH, suppressing pathogenic coliforms, reinforcing epithelial tight junctions, and aiding digestion of lactose. Prebiotics feed beneficial commensals. Indicated for antibiotic-associated diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, post-gastroenteritis dysbiosis, and irritable bowel syndrome.

Lactulose Solution (10g/15ml) is a non-absorbable synthetic disaccharide osmotic laxative and ammonia-lowering agent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. In the colon, bacterial flora ferment lactulose into low-molecular-weight organic acids (lactic, acetic, and formic acids), lowering colonic pH. This osmotic effect draws water into the stool, stimulating peristalsis. In hepatic encephalopathy, acidification traps ammonia as non-absorbable ammonium ions (NH4+) and promotes nitrogen excretion by colonic bacteria. Indicated for chronic constipation and prevention/treatment of portal systemic hepatic encephalopathy.

Dried Aluminium Hydroxide (250mg), Magnesium Hydroxide (250mg), and Activated Dimethicone (50mg) Tablets and Suspension is a classic balanced antacid and antiflatulent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Aluminium hydroxide provides slow, prolonged acid neutralization (constipating), while magnesium hydroxide acts rapidly (laxative), providing a well-balanced bowel action. Dimethicone defoams gas bubbles, relieving gastric fullness and flatulence. Indicated for symptomatic relief of heartburn, acid indigestion, hyperacidity, and peptic ulcer symptoms.

Metoclopramide Tablets (10mg) and Syrup (5mg/5ml) is a central and peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist prokinetic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It enhances gastric motility and accelerates gastroduodenal emptying while suppressing nausea at the CTZ. Indicated for symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux, delayed gastric emptying (diabetic gastroparesis), and acute nausea and vomiting.

Metoclopramide Injection (5mg/ml) is a parenteral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and 5-HT4 receptor agonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It blocks central dopamine receptors in the CTZ and peripheral receptors in the gut, augmenting gastric antral contractions, relaxing the pyloric sphincter, and accelerating gastric emptying. Indicated for prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting, acute chemotherapy-induced emesis, acute migraine nausea, and facilitation of small bowel intubation or radiologic GI transit.

Omeprazole (20mg gastro-resistant) and Domperidone (10mg/30mg sustained-release) is a cornerstone fixed-dose PPI and prokinetic combination on the WHO Model List framework. Omeprazole irreversibly suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibiting parietal cell H+/K+-ATPase. Domperidone blocks peripheral dopamine D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and gastrointestinal tract, stimulating gastric motility and preventing acid reflux. Indicated for gastroesophageal reflux disease, non-ulcer dyspepsia, and peptic ulcer disease accompanied by nausea, fullness, or vomiting.

Omeprazole Gastro-Resistant Capsules (20mg) is a prototypical proton pump inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It enters parietal cell canaliculi as a prodrug where acidic pH converts it to a tetracyclic sulfenamide that permanently inactivates H+/K+-ATPase pumps. Indicated for duodenal ulcers, benign gastric ulcers, reflux esophagitis, maintenance therapy of healed erosive esophagitis, and H. pylori eradication (as part of triple therapy).

Ondansetron Injection (2mg/ml) is an intravenous/intramuscular selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It blocks serotonin 5-HT3 receptors located centrally in the area postrema / chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and peripherally on vagal nerve terminals in the gastrointestinal tract, halting the emetic reflex cascade. Indicated for prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), radiation-induced emesis, and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV).

Ondansetron Tablets (4mg) is an oral selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It blocks serotonin signaling at 5-HT3 receptors in both the peripheral gastrointestinal vagal afferents and central area postrema. Indicated for prevention and management of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and acute gastroenteritis.

Pantoprazole Gastro-Resistant Tablets (20mg, 40mg) is an oral substituted benzimidazole proton pump inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It covalently binds to the H+/K+-ATPase system at cysteine 813 and 822 on parietal cells, suppressing both basal and stimulated hydrochloric acid secretion for over 24 hours. Indicated for the treatment of duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, erosive esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and pathological hypersecretory conditions including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Pantoprazole for Injection (40mg vial) is an intravenous proton pump inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It irreversibly binds to H+/K+-ATPase proton pumps on parietal cells, achieving profound, immediate acid suppression. Indicated for short-term IV treatment of acute peptic ulcer bleeding, prevention of rebleeding following endoscopic hemostasis, severe erosive esophagitis in patients unable to take oral medications, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome / hypersecretory states.

Rabeprazole Sodium (20mg enteric-coated) and Domperidone (10mg/30mg sustained-release) is a rapid-onset PPI and prokinetic combination. Rabeprazole has a higher pKa (~5.0) than other PPIs, allowing faster activation at higher pH and achieving rapid, potent inhibition of gastric H+/K+-ATPase pumps from the first dose. Domperidone provides dopamine D2 antagonism to enhance lower esophageal sphincter tone and accelerate gastric emptying. Indicated for erosive esophagitis, GERD, hypersecretory conditions, and dyspeptic symptom complexes (nausea, postprandial fullness, acid regurgitation).

Rabeprazole Gastro-Resistant Tablets (20mg) is a second-generation proton pump inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It binds to gastric H+/K+-ATPase with high potency and dissociates more rapidly than first-generation PPIs, producing faster acid inhibition within hours of the first dose. Indicated for acute duodenal and gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), erosive esophagitis, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Ranitidine Injection (25mg/ml) is an intravenous histamine H2-receptor antagonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It competitively and reversibly binds to histamine H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells, suppressing basal, nocturnal, and secretagogue-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion. Indicated for hospital treatment of pathological hypersecretory states, active peptic ulcer hemorrhage, stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients, and prevention of acid aspiration during anesthesia.

Ranitidine Tablets (150mg, 300mg) and Syrup (75mg/5ml) is a selective, competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It suppresses basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretion by over 70% and diminishes acid response to food and pentagastrin. Indicated for short-term treatment and maintenance of active duodenal ulcers, benign gastric ulcers, GERD, acid indigestion, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Ranitidine Tablets (150mg, 300mg) and Syrup (75mg/5ml) is a selective, competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It suppresses basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretion by over 70% and diminishes acid response to food and pentagastrin. Indicated for short-term treatment and maintenance of active duodenal ulcers, benign gastric ulcers, GERD, acid indigestion, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Promethazine Tablets (25mg) and Syrup (5mg/5ml) is an oral first-generation H1-antihistamine with powerful antiemetic, anti-vertigo, and sedative actions on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It competitively antagonizes H1 receptors, muscarinic receptors, and CTZ dopamine receptors. Indicated for prevention and treatment of motion sickness, nausea and vomiting, vertigo, urticaria, and as a nighttime sedative for allergic insomnia.

Pantoprazole (20mg/40mg enteric-coated) and Domperidone (10mg/30mg sustained/prolonged-release) is a fixed-dose combination antiulcer and prokinetic therapy. Pantoprazole irreversibly binds to the gastric H+/K+-ATPase proton pump on parietal cells, suppressing basal and stimulated hydrochloric acid secretion for >24 hours. Domperidone is a peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that accelerates gastric emptying and increases lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone without crossing the blood-brain barrier. Indicated for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with reflux esophagitis, non-ulcer dyspepsia, diabetic gastroparesis, and acid peptic disorders associated with nausea, fullness, or early satiety.

Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) Tablets (150mg, 300mg) is a naturally occurring hydrophilic tertiary bile acid on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It replaces toxic hydrophobic endogenous bile acids (cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids) in the circulating bile acid pool, protects cholangiocytes against bile acid-induced apoptosis, stimulates hepatobiliary secretion, and solubilizes cholesterol from gallstones by dispersing cholesterol in liquid crystals. Indicated for dissolution of radiolucent, non-calcified cholesterol gallstones (<15mm diameter) in functioning gallbladders, primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (IHCP).

Bacillus Clausii Spores Suspension (2 Billion spores per 5ml mini-bottles) is an oral spore-forming probiotic on the WHO Model List framework. Bacillus clausii spores are naturally resistant to gastric acid and bile; upon reaching the intestine, they germinate into metabolically active vegetative bacteria that synthesize B-complex vitamins, produce antimicrobial bacteriocins, stimulate mucosal secretor IgA, and competitively exclude pathogens. Demonstrates intrinsic multi-antibiotic resistance, allowing co-administration during antibiotic therapy. Indicated for treatment and prevention of intestinal dysbiosis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and acute infectious diarrhea in children and adults.

Oxetacaine, Aluminium Hydroxide, and Magnesium Hydroxide Suspension is an anesthetic antacid combination. Aluminium and magnesium hydroxides provide balanced, nonsystemic neutralization of gastric hydrochloric acid, raising gastric pH and inhibiting peptic activity without causing rebound hypersecretion. Oxetacaine is a potent, non-irritating surface anesthetic that retains local anesthetic efficacy in strongly acidic environments (pH 1-2), producing rapid and long-lasting relief from acute burning ulcer and esophagitis pain. Indicated for severe acute gastritis, esophagitis, heartburn, and peptic ulcer pain.

Esomeprazole (40mg enteric-coated) and Domperidone (30mg sustained-release) combines the pure S-enantiomer of omeprazole with an antiemetic prokinetic. Esomeprazole provides superior bioavailability and acid suppression compared to racemic omeprazole by undergoing lower first-pass hepatic metabolism via CYP2C19. Domperidone provides dopamine D2 receptor antagonism, enhancing lower esophageal sphincter tone and gastroduodenal transit. Indicated for erosive reflux esophagitis, GERD poorly responsive to standard acid suppression, and diabetic gastroparesis with nausea.

Pantoprazole (40mg enteric-coated) and Levosulpiride (75mg sustained-release) is a potent combination of a proton pump inhibitor and a prokinetic benzamide. Pantoprazole profoundly suppresses gastric acid synthesis by blocking H+/K+-ATPase pumps. Levosulpiride is the levorotatory enantiomer of sulpiride that selectively antagonizes dopamine D2 receptors in the enteric nervous system and acts as an agonist at 5-HT4 receptors, accelerating gastric and gallbladder emptying and improving antropyloric coordination. Indicated for severe GERD refractory to conventional prokinetics, diabetic gastroparesis, and functional dyspepsia with prominent postprandial distress syndrome.

Sucralfate Suspension (500mg/5ml) is an oral basic aluminum salt of sucrose octasulfate on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Under acidic conditions (pH < 4), it polymerizes into an insoluble, polyanionic gel that adheres tenaciously to ulcerated mucosal tissue, protecting the ulcer crater from gastric acid, pepsin, and bile acids while stimulating endogenous prostaglandin synthesis and epidermal growth factor. Indicated for active duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, stress ulcer prophylaxis, and reflux esophagitis.

Liquid Paraffin (1.25ml/3.75ml), Milk of Magnesia (3.75ml/11.25ml), and Sodium Picosulphate (3.33mg) Suspension is a triple-action laxative combining a stool lubricant, an osmotic laxative, and a contact stimulant. Liquid paraffin softens and lubricates stools; Milk of Magnesia (magnesium hydroxide) draws water osmotically into the bowel lumen; and sodium picosulphate is activated by colonic sulfatases to stimulate myenteric peristalsis. Indicated for acute and chronic severe constipation, painful anorectal conditions (piles, anal fissures), and post-surgical bowel clearance.

Chlordiazepoxide (5mg) and Clidinium Bromide (2.5mg, with or without Dicyclomine 10mg) Tablets is a fixed-dose anxiolytic and anticholinergic combination. Clidinium bromide acts as a synthetic quaternary anticholinergic agent, reducing gastric acid secretion and inhibiting hypermotility and spasm of the gastrointestinal tract. Chlordiazepoxide is a benzodiazepine that modulates GABA-A receptors in the CNS to alleviate emotional tension and visceral hypersensitivity. Indicated for irritable bowel syndrome (spastic colon, mucous colitis) and adjunctive therapy in peptic ulcer disease.

Sodium Picosulphate Tablets (10mg) is an oral prodrug stimulant contact laxative on the WHO Model List framework. It passes unabsorbed through the stomach and small intestine to the colon, where bacterial sulfatases hydrolyze it to the active free diphenol metabolite (BHPM). This metabolite stimulates mucosal sensory nerve endings to induce strong colonic propulsive contractions within 6 to 12 hours. Indicated for short-term management of constipation and colon preparation prior to colonoscopy.

Sorbitol (7.15g) and Tricholine Citrate (550mg per 10ml) Solution is a dual-action osmotic laxative and lipotropic liver support tonic. Sorbitol exerts an osmotic gradient in the intestinal lumen that softens stool and promotes peristalsis, while also stimulating cholecystokinin release. Tricholine citrate acts as a choline donor that promotes phospholipid synthesis, facilitates fat mobilization from hepatocytes, and stimulates bile secretion. Indicated for occasional constipation, hepatic steatosis (fatty liver), and dyspepsia associated with sluggish hepatobiliary function.

Esomeprazole (40mg enteric-coated) and Levosulpiride (75mg sustained-release) combines an S-isomer proton pump inhibitor with a central/peripheral prokinetic benzamide. Esomeprazole exerts long-lasting suppression of basal and meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Levosulpiride selectively blocks enteric D2 receptors and stimulates 5-HT4 receptors, dramatically improving gastric accommodation and antral motility. Indicated for severe GERD, refractory non-ulcer dyspepsia, and gastroparesis.

Rabeprazole Sodium (20mg enteric-coated) and Levosulpiride (75mg sustained-release) combines a fast-acting proton pump inhibitor with a prokinetic and psychotropic benzamide. Rabeprazole rapidly suppresses gastric acid output, while levosulpiride selectively blocks dopamine D2 receptors and activates 5-HT4 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, stimulating gastroduodenal motility and improving visceral hypersensitivity. Indicated for severe GERD, reflux esophagitis with delayed gastric emptying, non-ulcer dyspepsia, and gastroparesis.

Loperamide Capsules (2mg) is a synthetic peripheral mu-opioid receptor agonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It binds to opioid receptors in the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the gut wall, inhibiting peristaltic activity, prolonging gastrointestinal transit time, increasing water and electrolyte absorption, and enhancing anal sphincter tone. Indicated for control and symptomatic relief of acute non-specific diarrhea and chronic diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease or short bowel syndrome.

Omeprazole Gastro-Resistant Capsules (20mg) is a prototypical proton pump inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It enters parietal cell canaliculi as a prodrug where acidic pH converts it to a tetracyclic sulfenamide that permanently inactivates H+/K+-ATPase pumps. Indicated for duodenal ulcers, benign gastric ulcers, reflux esophagitis, maintenance therapy of healed erosive esophagitis, and H. pylori eradication (as part of triple therapy).

Promethazine Tablets (25mg) and Syrup (5mg/5ml) is an oral first-generation H1-antihistamine with powerful antiemetic, anti-vertigo, and sedative actions on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It competitively antagonizes H1 receptors, muscarinic receptors, and CTZ dopamine receptors. Indicated for prevention and treatment of motion sickness, nausea and vomiting, vertigo, urticaria, and as a nighttime sedative for allergic insomnia.

Pancreatin (170mg) with Bile Salts (Sodium Tauroglycocholate 65mg) and/or Dimethicone (80mg) Tablets is a comprehensive digestive enzyme and emulsifying formulation. Pancreatin provides amylase, lipase, and protease; tauroglycocholate emulsifies dietary fats and activates pancreatic lipase for optimal absorption; dimethicone reduces surface tension of trapped gas bubbles. Indicated for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, chronic pancreatitis, dyspepsia, fatty food intolerance, and flatulent indigestion.

Dicyclomine Hydrochloride (10mg) with Activated Dimethicone / Simethicone (40mg per 5ml / Drops) is a pediatric and adult antispasmodic and antiflatulent combination. Dicyclomine relieves intestinal smooth muscle spasm via anticholinergic and direct musculotropic action. Simethicone is a non-absorbable surfactant that reduces surface tension of gas bubbles, causing them to coalesce into easily expelled bubbles. Indicated for infantile colic, flatulent dyspepsia, abdominal distension, and irritable bowel syndrome spasms.

Lansoprazole Gastro-Resistant Capsules (15mg) is a substituted benzimidazole proton pump inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It suppresses both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion by blocking H+/K+-ATPase on gastric parietal cells. Indicated for short-term and maintenance treatment of duodenal and benign gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), erosive esophagitis, and NSAID-induced gastric ulcer prophylaxis.

Sulfasalazine Gastro-Resistant / Delayed Release Tablets (500mg, 1000mg) is a synthetic azo-bonded conjugate of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and sulfapyridine on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Bacteria in the colon cleave the azo bond via azoreductase enzymes, liberating 5-ASA to exert topical anti-inflammatory action on colonic mucosa, while absorbed sulfapyridine exerts systemic immunomodulatory effects. Indicated for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis, active Crohn's disease, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.

Itopride Hydrochloride Tablets (50mg) is a prokinetic gastroprokinetic agent on the PMBI formulary. It exerts a dual mechanism of action: competitive antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), preventing acetylcholine degradation in the myenteric plexus. This enhances upper GI motility, improves gastric accommodation, and accelerates emptying without crossing into the brain or affecting cardiac HERG channels. Indicated for functional dyspepsia, postprandial fullness, early satiety, epigastric bloating, and heartburn.

Sulfasalazine Gastro-Resistant / Delayed Release Tablets (500mg, 1000mg) is a synthetic azo-bonded conjugate of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and sulfapyridine on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Bacteria in the colon cleave the azo bond via azoreductase enzymes, liberating 5-ASA to exert topical anti-inflammatory action on colonic mucosa, while absorbed sulfapyridine exerts systemic immunomodulatory effects. Indicated for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis, active Crohn's disease, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.

Chymotrypsin and Trypsin (1:6 ratio, 100K AU) Tablets is an oral systemic proteolytic enzyme preparation on the PMBI formulary. Following intestinal absorption, it breaks down peptide bonds in inflammatory fibrinous exudates, dissolves microthrombi in clogged capillary beds, restores microcirculation, accelerates resorption of inflammatory edema and hematomas, and facilitates antibiotic penetration into tissue. Indicated for post-traumatic and post-operative edema, soft tissue injuries, hematomas, tooth extraction inflammation, and pelvic inflammatory disease.

Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride Tablets (4mg) and Syrup (2mg/5ml; alone or with Tricholine Citrate) is a first-generation piperidine antihistamine and potent serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonist on the WHO Model List framework. By blocking 5-HT2 serotonergic receptors in the ventromedial satiety center of the hypothalamus, it stimulates appetite and increases caloric intake and body weight. Concurrently, it blocks peripheral H1 histamine receptors and muscarinic receptors. Indicated for appetite stimulation in underweight or failure-to-thrive patients, allergic rhinitis, and urticaria.

Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride Tablets (4mg) and Syrup (2mg/5ml; alone or with Tricholine Citrate) is a first-generation piperidine antihistamine and potent serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonist on the WHO Model List framework. By blocking 5-HT2 serotonergic receptors in the ventromedial satiety center of the hypothalamus, it stimulates appetite and increases caloric intake and body weight. Concurrently, it blocks peripheral H1 histamine receptors and muscarinic receptors. Indicated for appetite stimulation in underweight or failure-to-thrive patients, allergic rhinitis, and urticaria.

Liquid Paraffin (3.75ml) and Milk of Magnesia (11.25ml per 15ml) Suspension is a dual-mechanism emollient and osmotic laxative. Liquid paraffin is a mineral oil that coats fecal matter and retards water absorption, softening the stool and facilitating effortless expulsion. Milk of Magnesia draws water into the intestinal lumen via osmotic pressure, stimulating peristalsis. Indicated for constipation, painful defecation associated with piles, anal fissures, hernia, and post-operative recovery where straining must be avoided.

Dicyclomine Hydrochloride (10mg) with Activated Dimethicone / Simethicone (40mg per 5ml / Drops) is a pediatric and adult antispasmodic and antiflatulent combination. Dicyclomine relieves intestinal smooth muscle spasm via anticholinergic and direct musculotropic action. Simethicone is a non-absorbable surfactant that reduces surface tension of gas bubbles, causing them to coalesce into easily expelled bubbles. Indicated for infantile colic, flatulent dyspepsia, abdominal distension, and irritable bowel syndrome spasms.

Digestive Enzyme Formulations (Fungal Diastase, Pepsin, Papain, Alpha-Amylase Syrup, Drops, and Tablets; with or without Activated Charcoal or Carminatives) is an oral enzymatic digestive aid. Fungal diastase (derived from Aspergillus oryzae) possesses potent alpha-amylolytic activity, digesting dietary starch into maltose. Pepsin and papain hydrolyze complex dietary proteins into digestible peptides and amino acids in acidic and neutral environments. Activated charcoal adsorbs intestinal gases, and carminatives relieve colic. Indicated for functional dyspepsia, postprandial fullness, starch and protein indigestion, loss of appetite, and flatulence.

Digestive Enzyme Formulations (Fungal Diastase, Pepsin, Papain, Alpha-Amylase Syrup, Drops, and Tablets; with or without Activated Charcoal or Carminatives) is an oral enzymatic digestive aid. Fungal diastase (derived from Aspergillus oryzae) possesses potent alpha-amylolytic activity, digesting dietary starch into maltose. Pepsin and papain hydrolyze complex dietary proteins into digestible peptides and amino acids in acidic and neutral environments. Activated charcoal adsorbs intestinal gases, and carminatives relieve colic. Indicated for functional dyspepsia, postprandial fullness, starch and protein indigestion, loss of appetite, and flatulence.

Mouth Ulcer Gel (Choline Salicylate 8.7%-9% w/w, Benzalkonium Chloride 0.01% w/w, with or without Lignocaine 2% w/w) is a topical analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic oral gel on the PMBI formulary. Choline salicylate is a topically absorbed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory that inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes to relieve throbbing ulcer pain and swelling. Lignocaine produces rapid surface local anesthesia by blocking mucosal voltage-gated sodium channels. Benzalkonium chloride acts as a cationic surfactant bactericide, preventing secondary infection. Indicated for aphthous mouth ulcers, canker sores, denture sores, orthodontic abrasions, and herpes labialis irritation.

Mouth Ulcer Gel (Choline Salicylate 8.7%-9% w/w, Benzalkonium Chloride 0.01% w/w, with or without Lignocaine 2% w/w) is a topical analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic oral gel on the PMBI formulary. Choline salicylate is a topically absorbed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory that inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes to relieve throbbing ulcer pain and swelling. Lignocaine produces rapid surface local anesthesia by blocking mucosal voltage-gated sodium channels. Benzalkonium chloride acts as a cationic surfactant bactericide, preventing secondary infection. Indicated for aphthous mouth ulcers, canker sores, denture sores, orthodontic abrasions, and herpes labialis irritation.

Rabeprazole Sodium (20mg enteric-coated) and Domperidone (10mg/30mg sustained-release) is a rapid-onset PPI and prokinetic combination. Rabeprazole has a higher pKa (~5.0) than other PPIs, allowing faster activation at higher pH and achieving rapid, potent inhibition of gastric H+/K+-ATPase pumps from the first dose. Domperidone provides dopamine D2 antagonism to enhance lower esophageal sphincter tone and accelerate gastric emptying. Indicated for erosive esophagitis, GERD, hypersecretory conditions, and dyspeptic symptom complexes (nausea, postprandial fullness, acid regurgitation).

Rabeprazole Sodium (20mg gastro-resistant) and Itopride Hydrochloride (150mg prolonged-release) combines an antisecretory PPI with an AChE-inhibiting and D2-antagonizing prokinetic. Itopride boosts acetylcholine availability to coordinate gastroduodenal contractions without prolonging cardiac QT intervals or elevating prolactin substantially. Indicated for GERD, reflux esophagitis, non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), and dysmotility-like functional dyspepsia.

Pantoprazole (40mg enteric-coated) and Itopride Hydrochloride (150mg sustained-release) combines an antisecretory PPI with a dual-action prokinetic. Itopride simultaneously antagonizes dopamine D2 receptors and inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE), boosting endogenous acetylcholine release in the enteric plexuses without crossing the blood-brain barrier or affecting cardiac potassium HERG channels. Indicated for non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), GERD, and functional dyspepsia characterized by epigastric fullness, heartburn, and bloating.

Magaldrate (400mg/540mg) and Simethicone (20mg/50mg, with or without Oxetacaine 10mg) Oral Suspension is a balanced antacid, antiflatulent, and mucosal anesthetic formulation. Magaldrate (hydroxymagnesium aluminate complex) reacts rapidly with gastric acid to buffer intragastric pH to the ideal 3.0-5.0 range, neutralizing acid without causing acid rebound. Simethicone breaks mucosal gas bubbles to relieve bloating. Oxetacaine (when present) provides prompt topical anesthesia on inflamed gastric and esophageal mucosa. Indicated for hyperacidity, heartburn, reflux esophagitis, gastritis, and peptic ulcer pain with flatulence.

Lactulose Solution (10g/15ml) is a non-absorbable synthetic disaccharide osmotic laxative and ammonia-lowering agent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. In the colon, bacterial flora ferment lactulose into low-molecular-weight organic acids (lactic, acetic, and formic acids), lowering colonic pH. This osmotic effect draws water into the stool, stimulating peristalsis. In hepatic encephalopathy, acidification traps ammonia as non-absorbable ammonium ions (NH4+) and promotes nitrogen excretion by colonic bacteria. Indicated for chronic constipation and prevention/treatment of portal systemic hepatic encephalopathy.

Dicyclomine Hydrochloride Injection (10mg/ml) is a parenteral antispasmodic on the PMBI formulary. It relaxes visceral smooth muscle via antimuscarinic action and direct musculotropic inhibition of spasm. Indicated for acute severe abdominal colic, biliary colic, renal colic, and acute functional bowel spasms when oral dosing is unfeasible.

Drotaverine Hydrochloride (80mg) and Mefenamic Acid (250mg) Tablets is a fixed-dose antispasmodic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) combination. Drotaverine is an isoquinoline derivative that selectively inhibits phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), elevating intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) and causing rapid, powerful smooth muscle relaxation without anticholinergic side effects. Mefenamic acid inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1/COX-2), blocking pro-inflammatory and spasmogenic prostaglandin synthesis. Indicated for severe spasmodic dysmenorrhea, renal and ureteric colic, biliary colic, and acute spastic intestinal contractions.

Drotaverine Hydrochloride Tablets (40mg, 80mg) is an oral smooth muscle antispasmodic on the WHO Model List framework. As a selective PDE4 inhibitor, it relaxes visceral smooth muscle without anticholinergic activity, making it completely devoid of atropine-like adverse effects (no dry mouth, no urinary retention, no intraocular pressure elevation). Indicated for gastrointestinal spastic states (IBS, spastic colitis), biliary colic, cholecystitis, and ureteral colic.

Levosulpiride Tablets (25mg, 50mg, 75mg) is the pure levorotatory (S)-enantiomer of sulpiride, acting as a selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and 5-HT4 receptor agonist. In the gastrointestinal tract, it increases lower esophageal sphincter tone and accelerates gastric emptying; centrally, it modulates mood and relieves visceral pain. Indicated for functional dyspepsia (postprandial distress syndrome), diabetic gastroparesis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease unresponsive to standard prokinetics.

Ondansetron Orally Disintegrating Formulations (4mg/8mg ODT, Oral Disintegrating Strips, and 2mg/5ml Solution) is a fast-acting 5-HT3 receptor antagonist designed for immediate buccal absorption without requiring water. It blocks peripheral vagal serotonin receptors in the gut and central CTZ receptors. Indicated for prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy, gastroenteritis-associated emesis in pediatric patients, and postoperative recovery.

Promethazine Injection (25mg/ml) is a parenteral phenothiazine derivative first-generation H1-antihistamine with potent central antiemetic, sedative, and anticholinergic properties on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It blocks histamine H1 receptors and dopamine D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and vestibular apparatus. Indicated for active treatment and prevention of severe nausea and vomiting, motion sickness, preoperative sedation, and acute allergic reactions.

Sofosbuvir Tablets (400mg) is a nucleotide analogue direct-acting antiviral on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. In hepatocytes, it is converted into active triphosphate GS-461203, which acts as a defective substrate for HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, causing viral chain termination. Indicated in combination with other antiviral agents (daclatasvir, velpatasvir, or ribavirin) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C across genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Sucralfate (1g) and Oxetacaine (10mg) Suspension (per 10ml) combines a cytoprotective mucosal adherent with a potent local anesthetic. In the presence of gastric acid, sucralfate polymerizes into a viscous paste that selectively binds to positively charged proteinaceous exudates on ulcer craters, forming a protective physical barrier against acid, pepsin, and bile salts. Oxetacaine provides surface anesthesia to gastric and esophageal mucosa even in strongly acidic conditions (pH 1-2), delivering rapid relief from intense burning pain. Indicated for active gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, severe erosive esophagitis, and acute gastritis with severe epigastric pain.

Glycopyrrolate Injection (0.2mg/ml) is a synthetic quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic agent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It competitively blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors at peripheral autonomic effector sites without crossing the blood-brain barrier. Indicated for reduction of salivary, tracheobronchial, and pharyngeal secretions preoperatively; intraoperative protection against bradycardia; reversal of neuromuscular blockade (with neostigmine); and acute peptic ulcer spasm adjunctive management.

Cinitapride Tablets (1mg) is a substituted benzamide gastroprokinetic agent. It acts as an agonist at 5-HT1 and 5-HT4 serotonergic receptors and an antagonist at 5-HT2 receptors, stimulating gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction and accelerating gastric and colonic transit. Indicated for gastroesophageal reflux disease and mild-to-moderate functional dyspepsia with impaired gastric emptying.

Ranitidine (150mg) and Domperidone (10mg) Tablets combines an H2-receptor antagonist with a peripheral prokinetic dopamine antagonist. Ranitidine reduces gastric acid volume and acidity, while domperidone accelerates gastric emptying and reinforces lower esophageal sphincter tone. Indicated for GERD, dyspepsia, hyperacidity, and heartburn accompanied by nausea or gastric stasis.

Mebeverine Hydrochloride Tablets (200mg) is an oral direct musculotropic antispasmodic on the WHO Model List framework. It normalizes colonic motility by selectively blocking sodium channels and inhibiting intracellular calcium influx and muscarinic depolarization on intestinal smooth muscle cells without anticholinergic side effects. Indicated for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) characterized by abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, and alternating diarrhea and constipation.

Jan Pudina Soft Gel Capsules (Peppermint Oil / Menthol formulation) is a natural herbal carminative and antispasmodic on the PMBI formulary. Menthol, the active terpene of peppermint oil (Mentha piperita), selectively blocks voltage-gated L-type calcium channels on gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells, exerting direct smooth muscle relaxation and spasmolysis on the stomach and colonic wall. It relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter to facilitate gas evacuation and acts as a mild choleretic. Indicated for relief of gas bloating, indigestion, flatulence, abdominal distension, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) cramping.

Digestive Enzyme Formulations (Fungal Diastase, Pepsin, Papain, Alpha-Amylase Syrup, Drops, and Tablets; with or without Activated Charcoal or Carminatives) is an oral enzymatic digestive aid. Fungal diastase (derived from Aspergillus oryzae) possesses potent alpha-amylolytic activity, digesting dietary starch into maltose. Pepsin and papain hydrolyze complex dietary proteins into digestible peptides and amino acids in acidic and neutral environments. Activated charcoal adsorbs intestinal gases, and carminatives relieve colic. Indicated for functional dyspepsia, postprandial fullness, starch and protein indigestion, loss of appetite, and flatulence.

Mesalazine / Mesalamine (400mg, 500mg, 800mg, 1200mg Delayed Release / Prolonged Release Tablets) is an oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) anti-inflammatory agent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Formulated with pH-dependent (pH >= 7) enteric coatings or multi-matrix (MMX) core systems to bypass gastric degradation and deliver high local 5-ASA concentrations specifically to the terminal ileum and colon. Locally inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, reduces leukotriene B4 and pro-inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis, and scavenges free radicals without systemic corticosteroid toxicity. Indicated for induction and maintenance of clinical and endoscopic remission in mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis.

Acotiamide Tablets (100mg) is a first-in-class prokinetic that selectively inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the stomach, enhancing endogenous acetylcholine release and physiological gastric accommodation and antral contractions without dopamine D2 or serotonin receptor activity. Indicated specifically for postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) in functional dyspepsia (bothersome postprandial fullness, early satiety, and upper abdominal bloating).

Pantoprazole (40mg gastro-resistant) and Cinitapride (3mg sustained-release) combines an irreversible H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with a substituted benzamide prokinetic. Cinitapride acts as a 5-HT1 and 5-HT4 receptor agonist and a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, accelerating gastric emptying and colonic transit while improving lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure. Indicated for gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastroparesis, and functional dyspepsia when single agents are insufficient.

Dicyclomine Hydrochloride Tablets (10mg) is an oral synthetic tertiary amine antispasmodic. It possesses specific anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) and direct musculotropic relaxant effects on gastrointestinal smooth muscle, eliminating visceral spasms and hypermotility. Indicated for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional enterospasm, and abdominal cramping.

Clotrimazole Mouth Paint (1% w/v) is a topical imidazole antifungal solution on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits fungal cytochrome P450 14-alpha-demethylase, halting ergosterol biosynthesis and disrupting fungal cytoplasmic membrane permeability in Candida species. Indicated for treatment of oral candidiasis (oral thrush), candidal stomatitis, and denture-induced stomatitis.

Pancreatin (170mg) with Bile Salts (Sodium Tauroglycocholate 65mg) and/or Dimethicone (80mg) Tablets is a comprehensive digestive enzyme and emulsifying formulation. Pancreatin provides amylase, lipase, and protease; tauroglycocholate emulsifies dietary fats and activates pancreatic lipase for optimal absorption; dimethicone reduces surface tension of trapped gas bubbles. Indicated for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, chronic pancreatitis, dyspepsia, fatty food intolerance, and flatulent indigestion.

Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride (2.5mg) and Atropine Sulphate (0.025mg) Tablets is a fixed-dose antidiarrheal combination on the WHO Model List framework. Diphenoxylate is a synthetic opioid receptor agonist structurally related to meperidine that slows intestinal motility, prolonging transit time and allowing increased fluid resorption. Subtherapeutic atropine sulphate is included specifically to deter deliberate abuse by causing unpleasant anticholinergic symptoms (dry mouth, tachycardia, flushing) if taken in excessive quantities. Indicated as adjunctive therapy in the management of acute or chronic diarrhea.

Drotaverine Hydrochloride Tablets (40mg, 80mg) is an oral smooth muscle antispasmodic on the WHO Model List framework. As a selective PDE4 inhibitor, it relaxes visceral smooth muscle without anticholinergic activity, making it completely devoid of atropine-like adverse effects (no dry mouth, no urinary retention, no intraocular pressure elevation). Indicated for gastrointestinal spastic states (IBS, spastic colitis), biliary colic, cholecystitis, and ureteral colic.

Entecavir Tablets (0.5mg) is a potent guanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Following intracellular phosphorylation to active entecavir triphosphate, it competitively inhibits all three activities of HBV DNA polymerase: base priming, reverse transcription of negative-strand DNA from pregenomic RNA, and synthesis of positive-strand HBV DNA. Indicated for the treatment of chronic HBV infection in adults with evidence of active viral replication and liver inflammation.

Digestive Enzyme Formulations (Fungal Diastase, Pepsin, Papain, Alpha-Amylase Syrup, Drops, and Tablets; with or without Activated Charcoal or Carminatives) is an oral enzymatic digestive aid. Fungal diastase (derived from Aspergillus oryzae) possesses potent alpha-amylolytic activity, digesting dietary starch into maltose. Pepsin and papain hydrolyze complex dietary proteins into digestible peptides and amino acids in acidic and neutral environments. Activated charcoal adsorbs intestinal gases, and carminatives relieve colic. Indicated for functional dyspepsia, postprandial fullness, starch and protein indigestion, loss of appetite, and flatulence.

Digestive Enzyme Formulations (Fungal Diastase, Pepsin, Papain, Alpha-Amylase Syrup, Drops, and Tablets; with or without Activated Charcoal or Carminatives) is an oral enzymatic digestive aid. Fungal diastase (derived from Aspergillus oryzae) possesses potent alpha-amylolytic activity, digesting dietary starch into maltose. Pepsin and papain hydrolyze complex dietary proteins into digestible peptides and amino acids in acidic and neutral environments. Activated charcoal adsorbs intestinal gases, and carminatives relieve colic. Indicated for functional dyspepsia, postprandial fullness, starch and protein indigestion, loss of appetite, and flatulence.

Hyoscine Butylbromide (10mg) and Mefenamic Acid (250mg) Tablets combines a quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic antispasmodic with an NSAID analgesic. Hyoscine butylbromide exerts localized antispasmodic activity on gastrointestinal, biliary, and genitourinary smooth muscle without central sedation, while mefenamic acid inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. Indicated for severe spasmodic dysmenorrhea, acute abdominal colic, and renal colic.

Lactitol (10g) and Ispaghula Husk (3.5g) Granules is a dual-action osmotic and bulk-forming laxative combination. Lactitol is a non-absorbable disaccharide sugar alcohol that is fermented by colonic bacteria into short-chain fatty acids, exerting an osmotic gradient that retains water in the lumen. Ispaghula (psyllium) is a hydrophilic mucilloid that swells upon hydration to form an emollient gelatinous mass, naturally increasing fecal mass and stimulating peristalsis. Indicated for chronic idiopathic constipation, painful defecation in hemorrhoids and anal fissures, and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C).

Lecithin Soft Gel Capsules (1000mg) is an oral source of essential phospholipids, primarily phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine is a structural component of cellular and canalicular membranes and an emulsifier in bile that prevents cholesterol precipitation into gallstones and aids hepatic lipid transport. Indicated for supportive therapy in fatty liver disease, hypercholesterolemia, and impaired fat digestion.

Magaldrate (400mg/540mg) and Simethicone (20mg/50mg, with or without Oxetacaine 10mg) Oral Suspension is a balanced antacid, antiflatulent, and mucosal anesthetic formulation. Magaldrate (hydroxymagnesium aluminate complex) reacts rapidly with gastric acid to buffer intragastric pH to the ideal 3.0-5.0 range, neutralizing acid without causing acid rebound. Simethicone breaks mucosal gas bubbles to relieve bloating. Oxetacaine (when present) provides prompt topical anesthesia on inflamed gastric and esophageal mucosa. Indicated for hyperacidity, heartburn, reflux esophagitis, gastritis, and peptic ulcer pain with flatulence.

Metadoxine (500mg), Silymarin (140mg), and L-Ornithine L-Aspartate (150mg) Tablets is a hepatoprotective formulation. Silymarin (milk thistle flavonolignan) stabilizes hepatocyte plasma membranes, inhibits lipid peroxidation, and stimulates ribosomal RNA synthesis to accelerate liver regeneration. Metadoxine accelerates ethanol and acetaldehyde clearance, restoring cellular ATP and glutathione. LOLA enhances ammonia detoxification via the hepatic urea cycle. Indicated for alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD/NASH), acute and chronic hepatitis, and early liver cirrhosis.

Omeprazole (20mg gastro-resistant) and Domperidone (10mg/30mg sustained-release) is a cornerstone fixed-dose PPI and prokinetic combination on the WHO Model List framework. Omeprazole irreversibly suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibiting parietal cell H+/K+-ATPase. Domperidone blocks peripheral dopamine D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and gastrointestinal tract, stimulating gastric motility and preventing acid reflux. Indicated for gastroesophageal reflux disease, non-ulcer dyspepsia, and peptic ulcer disease accompanied by nausea, fullness, or vomiting.

L-Ornithine L-Aspartate (150mg) and Pancreatin (100mg) Tablets combines an ammonia-detoxifying metabolic amino acid with digestive pancreatic enzymes. LOLA stimulates urea cycle carbamoyl phosphate synthetase in hepatocytes and glutamine synthesis in skeletal muscle, clearing neurotoxic ammonia. Pancreatin supplies amylase, lipase, and protease to assist nutrient breakdown in patients with compromised digestion. Indicated for hepatic dysfunction, fatty liver, subclinical hepatic encephalopathy, and digestive insufficiency associated with liver cirrhosis.

Pancreatin Gastro-Resistant Capsules (10,000, 25,000, 40,000 Lipase Units) is an oral porcine pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Each capsule contains enteric-coated mini-microspheres designed to withstand gastric acid and dissolve rapidly at duodenal pH > 5.5, releasing standardized concentrations of lipase, amylase, and protease for physiological digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Indicated for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) associated with cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, and gastrectomy.

Pancreatin Gastro-Resistant Capsules (10,000, 25,000, 40,000 Lipase Units) is an oral porcine pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Each capsule contains enteric-coated mini-microspheres designed to withstand gastric acid and dissolve rapidly at duodenal pH > 5.5, releasing standardized concentrations of lipase, amylase, and protease for physiological digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Indicated for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) associated with cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, and gastrectomy.

Pantoprazole (20mg/40mg enteric-coated) and Domperidone (10mg/30mg sustained/prolonged-release) is a fixed-dose combination antiulcer and prokinetic therapy. Pantoprazole irreversibly binds to the gastric H+/K+-ATPase proton pump on parietal cells, suppressing basal and stimulated hydrochloric acid secretion for >24 hours. Domperidone is a peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that accelerates gastric emptying and increases lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone without crossing the blood-brain barrier. Indicated for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with reflux esophagitis, non-ulcer dyspepsia, diabetic gastroparesis, and acid peptic disorders associated with nausea, fullness, or early satiety.

Lactic Acid Bacillus (Lactobacillus sporogenes / Bacillus coagulans 60 Million spores) and Multi-Strain Probiotic/Prebiotic Formulations (Bacillus mesentericus, Clostridium butyricum, L. sporogenes, Streptococcus faecalis) is an oral symbiotic gut flora supplement. Lactic acid-producing spores survive stomach acidity and colonize the intestinal brush border, lowering luminal pH, suppressing pathogenic coliforms, reinforcing epithelial tight junctions, and aiding digestion of lactose. Prebiotics feed beneficial commensals. Indicated for antibiotic-associated diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, post-gastroenteritis dysbiosis, and irritable bowel syndrome.

Prucalopride Tablets (1mg, 2mg) is a first-in-class, high-affinity, selective serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonist prokinetic. It stimulates 5-HT4 receptors on colonic intramural neurons, triggering giant migrating contractions that accelerate colonic transit without interacting with dopamine D2 receptors, 5-HT1, 5-HT2, or cardiac HERG potassium channels. Indicated for symptomatic treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults in whom conventional laxatives fail to provide adequate relief.

Prucalopride Tablets (1mg, 2mg) is a first-in-class, high-affinity, selective serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonist prokinetic. It stimulates 5-HT4 receptors on colonic intramural neurons, triggering giant migrating contractions that accelerate colonic transit without interacting with dopamine D2 receptors, 5-HT1, 5-HT2, or cardiac HERG potassium channels. Indicated for symptomatic treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults in whom conventional laxatives fail to provide adequate relief.

Racecadotril (100mg Capsules; 10mg, 15mg, 30mg Sachets) is an oral peripheral enkephalinase inhibitor antisecretory antidiarrheal on the WHO Model List framework. It is a prodrug hydrolyzed to thiorphan, which inhibits enkephalinase, sparing endogenous opioid enkephalins in the gut. This selectively reduces intestinal hypersecretion of water and electrolytes induced by cholera toxin, rotavirus, or inflammatory enterotoxins without delaying bowel transit or causing secondary constipation or bacterial overgrowth. Indicated for complementary symptomatic treatment of acute watery diarrhea in adults (capsules) and infants/children >3 months (sachets) alongside Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORS).

Ranitidine Tablets (150mg, 300mg) and Syrup (75mg/5ml) is a selective, competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It suppresses basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretion by over 70% and diminishes acid response to food and pentagastrin. Indicated for short-term treatment and maintenance of active duodenal ulcers, benign gastric ulcers, GERD, acid indigestion, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Saccharomyces Boulardii (250mg Capsules and Powder Sachets) is a non-pathogenic, tropical probiotic yeast on the WHO Model List framework. It thrives at human body temperature (37°C) and is naturally resistant to antibacterial antibiotics. In the gut lumen, it neutralizes bacterial toxins (Clostridioides difficile toxin A and B, cholera toxin), stimulates mucosal secretory IgA and brush border disaccharidases, and prevents pathogen translocation. Indicated for prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, C. difficile recurrence, acute infectious rotaviral diarrhea, and enteral nutrition-related diarrhea.

Saccharomyces Boulardii (250mg Capsules and Powder Sachets) is a non-pathogenic, tropical probiotic yeast on the WHO Model List framework. It thrives at human body temperature (37°C) and is naturally resistant to antibacterial antibiotics. In the gut lumen, it neutralizes bacterial toxins (Clostridioides difficile toxin A and B, cholera toxin), stimulates mucosal secretory IgA and brush border disaccharidases, and prevents pathogen translocation. Indicated for prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, C. difficile recurrence, acute infectious rotaviral diarrhea, and enteral nutrition-related diarrhea.

Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) Tablets (150mg, 300mg) is a naturally occurring hydrophilic tertiary bile acid on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It replaces toxic hydrophobic endogenous bile acids (cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids) in the circulating bile acid pool, protects cholangiocytes against bile acid-induced apoptosis, stimulates hepatobiliary secretion, and solubilizes cholesterol from gallstones by dispersing cholesterol in liquid crystals. Indicated for dissolution of radiolucent, non-calcified cholesterol gallstones (<15mm diameter) in functioning gallbladders, primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (IHCP).

Levosulpiride Tablets (25mg, 50mg, 75mg) is the pure levorotatory (S)-enantiomer of sulpiride, acting as a selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and 5-HT4 receptor agonist. In the gastrointestinal tract, it increases lower esophageal sphincter tone and accelerates gastric emptying; centrally, it modulates mood and relieves visceral pain. Indicated for functional dyspepsia (postprandial distress syndrome), diabetic gastroparesis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease unresponsive to standard prokinetics.

Levosulpiride Tablets (25mg, 50mg, 75mg) is the pure levorotatory (S)-enantiomer of sulpiride, acting as a selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and 5-HT4 receptor agonist. In the gastrointestinal tract, it increases lower esophageal sphincter tone and accelerates gastric emptying; centrally, it modulates mood and relieves visceral pain. Indicated for functional dyspepsia (postprandial distress syndrome), diabetic gastroparesis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease unresponsive to standard prokinetics.

Desensitizing Toothpastes (Potassium Nitrate 5% w/w with Sodium Monofluorophosphate, or Strontium Chloride Hexahydrate 10% w/w) is a therapeutic dental dentifrice on the PMBI formulary. Potassium nitrate diffuses through open dentinal tubules to increase extracellular potassium ion concentration, depolarizing sensory nerve endings in the dental pulp and blocking action potential transmission to provide lasting relief from dentin hypersensitivity pain (cold, hot, sweet, tactile triggers). Strontium chloride physically occludes open dentinal tubules. Fluoride remineralizes enamel. Indicated for dentinal hypersensitivity and prevention of dental caries.

Sodium Bicarbonate Tablets (500mg, 1000mg) is an oral systemic alkalizing agent and fast-acting antacid on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It reacts instantaneously with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to produce sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water, rapidly neutralizing acidity and elevating gastric pH. Systemically, absorbed bicarbonate ions increase blood and urinary pH. Indicated for rapid relief of acute heartburn/acid indigestion, metabolic acidosis management, and urinary alkalinization (in uric acid stones, cystinuria, or methotrexate excretion).

Sodium Bicarbonate Tablets (500mg, 1000mg) is an oral systemic alkalizing agent and fast-acting antacid on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It reacts instantaneously with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to produce sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water, rapidly neutralizing acidity and elevating gastric pH. Systemically, absorbed bicarbonate ions increase blood and urinary pH. Indicated for rapid relief of acute heartburn/acid indigestion, metabolic acidosis management, and urinary alkalinization (in uric acid stones, cystinuria, or methotrexate excretion).

Simethicone (40mg), Dill Oil (0.005ml), and Fennel Oil (0.0007ml) Drops is a specialized pediatric carminative and antiflatulent formulation. Simethicone is an inert silicone polymer that reduces surface tension of gas bubbles in the GI tract, causing coalesced bubbles to be eliminated via belching or flatus. Dill oil and fennel oil are traditional herbal carminatives that relax gastrointestinal smooth muscle and stimulate gastric secretions, alleviating painful colic. Indicated for infant colic, flatulence, abdominal distension, and griping pain in neonates and children.

Silymarin Tablets (140mg) is a purified extract of flavonolignans (primarily silybin) from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on the PMBI formulary. It acts as a potent antioxidant, scavenges reactive oxygen species, prevents lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, stimulates nucleolar polymerase A to enhance ribosomal protein synthesis, and exerts antifibrotic effects by suppressing hepatic stellate cell activation. Indicated as supportive therapy in chronic inflammatory liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and toxin/alcohol-induced liver injury.

Racecadotril (100mg Capsules; 10mg, 15mg, 30mg Sachets) is an oral peripheral enkephalinase inhibitor antisecretory antidiarrheal on the WHO Model List framework. It is a prodrug hydrolyzed to thiorphan, which inhibits enkephalinase, sparing endogenous opioid enkephalins in the gut. This selectively reduces intestinal hypersecretion of water and electrolytes induced by cholera toxin, rotavirus, or inflammatory enterotoxins without delaying bowel transit or causing secondary constipation or bacterial overgrowth. Indicated for complementary symptomatic treatment of acute watery diarrhea in adults (capsules) and infants/children >3 months (sachets) alongside Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORS).

Racecadotril (100mg Capsules; 10mg, 15mg, 30mg Sachets) is an oral peripheral enkephalinase inhibitor antisecretory antidiarrheal on the WHO Model List framework. It is a prodrug hydrolyzed to thiorphan, which inhibits enkephalinase, sparing endogenous opioid enkephalins in the gut. This selectively reduces intestinal hypersecretion of water and electrolytes induced by cholera toxin, rotavirus, or inflammatory enterotoxins without delaying bowel transit or causing secondary constipation or bacterial overgrowth. Indicated for complementary symptomatic treatment of acute watery diarrhea in adults (capsules) and infants/children >3 months (sachets) alongside Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORS).

Racecadotril (100mg Capsules; 10mg, 15mg, 30mg Sachets) is an oral peripheral enkephalinase inhibitor antisecretory antidiarrheal on the WHO Model List framework. It is a prodrug hydrolyzed to thiorphan, which inhibits enkephalinase, sparing endogenous opioid enkephalins in the gut. This selectively reduces intestinal hypersecretion of water and electrolytes induced by cholera toxin, rotavirus, or inflammatory enterotoxins without delaying bowel transit or causing secondary constipation or bacterial overgrowth. Indicated for complementary symptomatic treatment of acute watery diarrhea in adults (capsules) and infants/children >3 months (sachets) alongside Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORS).

Daclatasvir Tablets (60mg) is a direct-acting antiviral on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines that specifically targets the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein. Inhibits both viral RNA replication and virion assembly. Indicated in combination with sofosbuvir (with or without ribavirin) for the treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 and 3.

Mesalazine / Mesalamine (400mg, 500mg, 800mg, 1200mg Delayed Release / Prolonged Release Tablets) is an oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) anti-inflammatory agent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Formulated with pH-dependent (pH >= 7) enteric coatings or multi-matrix (MMX) core systems to bypass gastric degradation and deliver high local 5-ASA concentrations specifically to the terminal ileum and colon. Locally inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, reduces leukotriene B4 and pro-inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis, and scavenges free radicals without systemic corticosteroid toxicity. Indicated for induction and maintenance of clinical and endoscopic remission in mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis.

Mesalazine / Mesalamine (400mg, 500mg, 800mg, 1200mg Delayed Release / Prolonged Release Tablets) is an oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) anti-inflammatory agent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Formulated with pH-dependent (pH >= 7) enteric coatings or multi-matrix (MMX) core systems to bypass gastric degradation and deliver high local 5-ASA concentrations specifically to the terminal ileum and colon. Locally inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, reduces leukotriene B4 and pro-inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis, and scavenges free radicals without systemic corticosteroid toxicity. Indicated for induction and maintenance of clinical and endoscopic remission in mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis.

Sofosbuvir (400mg) and Velpatasvir (100mg) Tablets is a fixed-dose, pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimen on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Sofosbuvir is a nucleotide prodrug that inhibits HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, causing chain termination. Velpatasvir is a potent inhibitor of HCV NS5A protein, preventing viral RNA replication and virion assembly. Achieves >95-98% sustained virologic response (SVR12/cure) across all HCV genotypes (1 through 6). Indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with or without compensated cirrhosis, and with ribavirin for decompensated cirrhosis.

Omeprazole Gastro-Resistant Capsules (20mg) is a prototypical proton pump inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It enters parietal cell canaliculi as a prodrug where acidic pH converts it to a tetracyclic sulfenamide that permanently inactivates H+/K+-ATPase pumps. Indicated for duodenal ulcers, benign gastric ulcers, reflux esophagitis, maintenance therapy of healed erosive esophagitis, and H. pylori eradication (as part of triple therapy).

Pantoprazole Gastro-Resistant Tablets (20mg, 40mg) is an oral substituted benzimidazole proton pump inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It covalently binds to the H+/K+-ATPase system at cysteine 813 and 822 on parietal cells, suppressing both basal and stimulated hydrochloric acid secretion for over 24 hours. Indicated for the treatment of duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, erosive esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and pathological hypersecretory conditions including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

L-Ornithine L-Aspartate (150mg) and Pancreatin (100mg) Tablets combines an ammonia-detoxifying metabolic amino acid with digestive pancreatic enzymes. LOLA stimulates urea cycle carbamoyl phosphate synthetase in hepatocytes and glutamine synthesis in skeletal muscle, clearing neurotoxic ammonia. Pancreatin supplies amylase, lipase, and protease to assist nutrient breakdown in patients with compromised digestion. Indicated for hepatic dysfunction, fatty liver, subclinical hepatic encephalopathy, and digestive insufficiency associated with liver cirrhosis.

Domperidone (10mg) and Paracetamol (325mg) Tablets is a fixed-dose antiemetic and analgesic-antipyretic combination. Paracetamol provides centrally mediated analgesia and antipyresis via prostaglandin synthesis inhibition, while domperidone accelerates gastric emptying through peripheral dopamine D2 antagonism, counteracting migraine-induced gastric stasis and enhancing the absorption and therapeutic onset of paracetamol. Indicated for acute relief of headache, migraine attacks accompanied by nausea or vomiting, and febrile conditions with gastric fullness.

Bisacodyl Suppositories (5mg, 10mg) is a rectal stimulant diphenylmethane laxative on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Following rectal insertion, bisacodyl is hydrolyzed by endogenous esterases to active bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-pyridyl-2-methane (BHPM), directly stimulating sensory nerve endings in the colonic and rectal mucosa to initiate vigorous propulsive peristalsis within 15 to 60 minutes. Indicated for acute constipation, evacuation of the colon prior to surgical or radiological procedures, and bowel retraining in neurogenic bowel.

Papaya Leaf Extract Tablets (1100mg) is an oral herbal therapeutic derived from Carica papaya leaf extract on the PMBI formulary. Rich in active flavonoids, carpaine alkaloids, and enzymes (papain, chymopapain), it upregulates the ALOX12 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) and CD110 (thrombopoietin receptor) genes in bone marrow megakaryocytes, stimulating platelet production. Concurrently, its proteolytic enzymes aid protein digestion and promote healthy gastrointestinal function. Indicated as supportive therapy for thrombocytopenia associated with dengue fever and other viral illnesses, and digestive weakness.

Cinnarizine (20mg) and Domperidone (15mg) Tablets is a dual-action vestibular sedative and antiemetic combination. Cinnarizine acts as a selective T-type voltage-gated calcium channel blocker and H1-antihistamine, suppressing labyrinthine overstimulation in the inner ear. Domperidone blocks peripheral dopamine D2 receptors in the CTZ, preventing motion-induced and labyrinthine nausea. Indicated for vertigo, motion sickness, Meniere's disease, and peripheral vestibular disorders accompanied by nausea and vomiting.

Omeprazole Gastro-Resistant Capsules (20mg) is a prototypical proton pump inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It enters parietal cell canaliculi as a prodrug where acidic pH converts it to a tetracyclic sulfenamide that permanently inactivates H+/K+-ATPase pumps. Indicated for duodenal ulcers, benign gastric ulcers, reflux esophagitis, maintenance therapy of healed erosive esophagitis, and H. pylori eradication (as part of triple therapy).

Ondansetron Orally Disintegrating Formulations (4mg/8mg ODT, Oral Disintegrating Strips, and 2mg/5ml Solution) is a fast-acting 5-HT3 receptor antagonist designed for immediate buccal absorption without requiring water. It blocks peripheral vagal serotonin receptors in the gut and central CTZ receptors. Indicated for prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy, gastroenteritis-associated emesis in pediatric patients, and postoperative recovery.

Ribavirin Capsules (200mg) is a synthetic guanosine nucleoside analogue antiviral on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), depleting intracellular GTP pools and accelerating viral mutagenesis. Indicated in combination with direct-acting antivirals (e.g. sofosbuvir) for chronic hepatitis C in patients with decompensated cirrhosis or prior treatment failure.

Pre & Pro-Biotic Capsules (Bacillus Mesentericus - 2M + Clostridium Butyricum - 4M + Lactobacillus Sporogenes - 100M + Streptococcus Faecalis - 60M) is an established pharmaceutical agent in the Gastrointestinal & Digestion category on the PMBI National Formulary. Formulated to treat acid peptic disease, digestive dysmotility, or gastrointestinal infection according to verified pharmacopoeial standards.

Esomeprazole Magnesium (40mg enteric-coated) and Itopride Hydrochloride (150mg sustained-release) combines an S-isomer PPI with a dual D2-antagonist/acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting prokinetic. Provides potent, round-the-clock acid suppression along with enhanced physiological acetylcholine-mediated peristalsis without cardiac HERG channel interactions. Indicated for erosive GERD and functional dyspepsia.

Ilaprazole Tablets (10mg) is a third-generation proton pump inhibitor with an extended plasma elimination half-life (~7-8 hours). It covalently inactivates H+/K+-ATPase pumps and delivers prolonged intragastric pH control, effectively preventing nocturnal acid breakthrough and accelerating peptic ulcer healing. Indicated for duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and refractory GERD.

Mesalazine / Mesalamine (400mg, 500mg, 800mg, 1200mg Delayed Release / Prolonged Release Tablets) is an oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) anti-inflammatory agent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Formulated with pH-dependent (pH >= 7) enteric coatings or multi-matrix (MMX) core systems to bypass gastric degradation and deliver high local 5-ASA concentrations specifically to the terminal ileum and colon. Locally inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, reduces leukotriene B4 and pro-inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis, and scavenges free radicals without systemic corticosteroid toxicity. Indicated for induction and maintenance of clinical and endoscopic remission in mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis.

Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF) Tablets (25mg) is a targeted prodrug of the nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. TAF enters hepatocytes through passive diffusion and hepatic OATP1B1/1B3 transporters and is intracellularly hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) to tenofovir. This delivers high intracellular antiviral concentrations with over 90% lower systemic plasma tenofovir exposure compared to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), dramatically reducing renal tubulopathy and bone mineral density loss. Indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in adults and adolescents with compensated liver disease.

Bisacodyl Suppositories (5mg, 10mg) is a rectal stimulant diphenylmethane laxative on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Following rectal insertion, bisacodyl is hydrolyzed by endogenous esterases to active bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-pyridyl-2-methane (BHPM), directly stimulating sensory nerve endings in the colonic and rectal mucosa to initiate vigorous propulsive peristalsis within 15 to 60 minutes. Indicated for acute constipation, evacuation of the colon prior to surgical or radiological procedures, and bowel retraining in neurogenic bowel.

Ondansetron Orally Disintegrating Formulations (4mg/8mg ODT, Oral Disintegrating Strips, and 2mg/5ml Solution) is a fast-acting 5-HT3 receptor antagonist designed for immediate buccal absorption without requiring water. It blocks peripheral vagal serotonin receptors in the gut and central CTZ receptors. Indicated for prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy, gastroenteritis-associated emesis in pediatric patients, and postoperative recovery.

Ondansetron Orally Disintegrating Formulations (4mg/8mg ODT, Oral Disintegrating Strips, and 2mg/5ml Solution) is a fast-acting 5-HT3 receptor antagonist designed for immediate buccal absorption without requiring water. It blocks peripheral vagal serotonin receptors in the gut and central CTZ receptors. Indicated for prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy, gastroenteritis-associated emesis in pediatric patients, and postoperative recovery.

Lansoprazole Gastro-Resistant Capsules (15mg) is a substituted benzimidazole proton pump inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It suppresses both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion by blocking H+/K+-ATPase on gastric parietal cells. Indicated for short-term and maintenance treatment of duodenal and benign gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), erosive esophagitis, and NSAID-induced gastric ulcer prophylaxis.

Tannic Acid Glycerin (27% w/v), Potassium Iodide, Iodine, Menthol, and Thymol Mouth Paint is a traditional astringent and antiseptic oral formulation. Tannic acid precipitates surface proteins on inflamed mucous membranes, forming a protective barrier that reduces bleeding, tightens lax spongy gums, and decreases exudation. Iodine and thymol exert antiseptic action against oral pathogens, while menthol provides soothing cooling pain relief. Indicated for bleeding gums, gingivitis, spongy gums, periodontitis, and painful aphthous lesions.

Nitazoxanide Tablets (500mg) is a synthetic thiazolide broad-spectrum antiprotozoal and antiviral agent. It is rapidly hydrolyzed to its active metabolite tizoxanide, which selectively interferes with the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) enzyme-dependent electron transfer reaction essential for anaerobic energy metabolism in parasites. Indicated for diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and mixed intestinal parasite infections in immunocompetent patients.

Obeticholic Acid Tablets (5mg, 10mg) is a synthetic modified bile acid and highly selective, potent farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist on the PMBI formulary. FXR is a nuclear receptor expressed in the liver and intestine that regulates bile acid synthesis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Activation of FXR suppresses bile acid synthesis by downregulating CYP7A1, promotes biliary secretion, and reduces hepatic exposure to toxic bile acids. Indicated for the treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in adults with an inadequate response to UDCA, or as monotherapy in patients intolerant to UDCA.

Obeticholic Acid Tablets (5mg, 10mg) is a synthetic modified bile acid and highly selective, potent farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist on the PMBI formulary. FXR is a nuclear receptor expressed in the liver and intestine that regulates bile acid synthesis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Activation of FXR suppresses bile acid synthesis by downregulating CYP7A1, promotes biliary secretion, and reduces hepatic exposure to toxic bile acids. Indicated for the treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in adults with an inadequate response to UDCA, or as monotherapy in patients intolerant to UDCA.

S-Adenosyl L-Methionine (SAMe) Tablets (200mg, 400mg) is an enteric-coated biological sulfonium compound and primary biological methyl donor on the PMBI formulary. It is a vital precursor in transmethylation, transsulfuration (generating glutathione, taurine, and sulfate), and polyamine pathways in hepatocytes. In cholestasis, SAMe restores hepatocyte membrane fluidity by methylating phospholipids and enhances glutathione-mediated detoxification. Indicated for intrahepatic cholestasis in pre-cirrhotic and cirrhotic states, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (IHCP), and alcoholic/toxic liver disease.

S-Adenosyl L-Methionine (SAMe) Tablets (200mg, 400mg) is an enteric-coated biological sulfonium compound and primary biological methyl donor on the PMBI formulary. It is a vital precursor in transmethylation, transsulfuration (generating glutathione, taurine, and sulfate), and polyamine pathways in hepatocytes. In cholestasis, SAMe restores hepatocyte membrane fluidity by methylating phospholipids and enhances glutathione-mediated detoxification. Indicated for intrahepatic cholestasis in pre-cirrhotic and cirrhotic states, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (IHCP), and alcoholic/toxic liver disease.

Mebeverine Hydrochloride (135mg) and Chlordiazepoxide (5mg) Tablets is a fixed combination musculotropic antispasmodic and anxiolytic. Mebeverine acts directly on colonic smooth muscle cells, blocking voltage-operated sodium channels and preventing calcium influx without systemic anticholinergic effects. Chlordiazepoxide is a benzodiazepine that enhances GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission in the limbic system, reducing visceral hyperalgesia and brain-gut axis anxiety. Indicated for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) exacerbated by stress, anxiety-related spastic colon, and functional abdominal cramping.

Metoclopramide Tablets (10mg) and Syrup (5mg/5ml) is a central and peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist prokinetic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It enhances gastric motility and accelerates gastroduodenal emptying while suppressing nausea at the CTZ. Indicated for symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux, delayed gastric emptying (diabetic gastroparesis), and acute nausea and vomiting.

Digestive Enzyme Formulations (Fungal Diastase, Pepsin, Papain, Alpha-Amylase Syrup, Drops, and Tablets; with or without Activated Charcoal or Carminatives) is an oral enzymatic digestive aid. Fungal diastase (derived from Aspergillus oryzae) possesses potent alpha-amylolytic activity, digesting dietary starch into maltose. Pepsin and papain hydrolyze complex dietary proteins into digestible peptides and amino acids in acidic and neutral environments. Activated charcoal adsorbs intestinal gases, and carminatives relieve colic. Indicated for functional dyspepsia, postprandial fullness, starch and protein indigestion, loss of appetite, and flatulence.

Pantoprazole (20mg/40mg enteric-coated) and Domperidone (10mg/30mg sustained/prolonged-release) is a fixed-dose combination antiulcer and prokinetic therapy. Pantoprazole irreversibly binds to the gastric H+/K+-ATPase proton pump on parietal cells, suppressing basal and stimulated hydrochloric acid secretion for >24 hours. Domperidone is a peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that accelerates gastric emptying and increases lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone without crossing the blood-brain barrier. Indicated for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with reflux esophagitis, non-ulcer dyspepsia, diabetic gastroparesis, and acid peptic disorders associated with nausea, fullness, or early satiety.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash (0.2% w/v; with or without Sodium Fluoride 0.05% and Zinc Chloride 0.09%) is an oral broad-spectrum antiseptic and anti-plaque rinse on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. As a cationic bisbiguanide, chlorhexidine binds tenaciously to bacterial cell walls and oral pellicles, adsorbing to oral surfaces and releasing slowly over 12 hours (substantivity) to provide sustained bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. Indicated for prevention and treatment of gingivitis, dental plaque reduction, aphthous ulcers, post-periodontal surgery hygiene, and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU patients.

Drotaverine Hydrochloride Injection (40mg/2ml) is an injectable smooth muscle relaxant on the PMBI formulary. It selectively inhibits phosphodiesterase enzyme IV (PDE4) in smooth muscle cells, elevating intracellular cAMP and producing fast-acting spasmolysis in vascular, gastrointestinal, biliary, and urogenital smooth muscles. Indicated for acute renal colic, biliary colic, intestinal colic, and cervical spasm during active labor.

Feracrylum (3% w/w) and Centbucridine (0.5% w/w) Gel is a topical hemostatic, antimicrobial, and local anesthetic formulation. Feracrylum is an incomplete iron salt of polyacrylic acid that binds to plasma albumin, activating intrinsic coagulation to cause rapid local hemostasis within minutes while exerting antimicrobial action against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Centbucridine is a non-ester, non-amide local anesthetic that blocks nerve conduction without cardiotoxicity. Indicated for controlling capillary bleeding, painful superficial wounds, mucosal erosions, and post-surgical oozing.

Ilaprazole (10mg gastro-resistant) and Domperidone (30mg prolonged-release) combines a next-generation substituted benzimidazole PPI with a prokinetic antiemetic. Ilaprazole exhibits an extended plasma elimination half-life (~7-8 hours vs 1-2 hours for older PPIs), producing deeper, longer nocturnal gastric acid control and superior intragastric pH > 4 holding time. Domperidone ensures enhanced gastric emptying and lower esophageal sphincter competency. Indicated for nocturnal acid breakthrough, severe erosive esophagitis, and refractory GERD with nausea.

Lignocaine (4% w/w), Metronidazole (1% w/w), and Sucralfate (7% w/w) Cream is a specialized topical rectal formulation. Lignocaine produces rapid local analgesia by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels. Metronidazole provides topical antimicrobial activity against anaerobic rectal flora, reducing secondary infection and inflammation. Sucralfate forms an adhesive barrier over mucosal fissures and hemorrhoidal ulcers, accelerating re-epithelialization and tissue healing. Indicated for acute and chronic anal fissures, painful thrombosed hemorrhoids, and post-hemorrhoidectomy wound healing.

Mouth Ulcer Gel (Choline Salicylate 8.7%-9% w/w, Benzalkonium Chloride 0.01% w/w, with or without Lignocaine 2% w/w) is a topical analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic oral gel on the PMBI formulary. Choline salicylate is a topically absorbed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory that inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes to relieve throbbing ulcer pain and swelling. Lignocaine produces rapid surface local anesthesia by blocking mucosal voltage-gated sodium channels. Benzalkonium chloride acts as a cationic surfactant bactericide, preventing secondary infection. Indicated for aphthous mouth ulcers, canker sores, denture sores, orthodontic abrasions, and herpes labialis irritation.

Digestive Enzyme Formulations (Fungal Diastase, Pepsin, Papain, Alpha-Amylase Syrup, Drops, and Tablets; with or without Activated Charcoal or Carminatives) is an oral enzymatic digestive aid. Fungal diastase (derived from Aspergillus oryzae) possesses potent alpha-amylolytic activity, digesting dietary starch into maltose. Pepsin and papain hydrolyze complex dietary proteins into digestible peptides and amino acids in acidic and neutral environments. Activated charcoal adsorbs intestinal gases, and carminatives relieve colic. Indicated for functional dyspepsia, postprandial fullness, starch and protein indigestion, loss of appetite, and flatulence.

Digestive Enzyme Formulations (Fungal Diastase, Pepsin, Papain, Alpha-Amylase Syrup, Drops, and Tablets; with or without Activated Charcoal or Carminatives) is an oral enzymatic digestive aid. Fungal diastase (derived from Aspergillus oryzae) possesses potent alpha-amylolytic activity, digesting dietary starch into maltose. Pepsin and papain hydrolyze complex dietary proteins into digestible peptides and amino acids in acidic and neutral environments. Activated charcoal adsorbs intestinal gases, and carminatives relieve colic. Indicated for functional dyspepsia, postprandial fullness, starch and protein indigestion, loss of appetite, and flatulence.

Desensitizing Toothpastes (Potassium Nitrate 5% w/w with Sodium Monofluorophosphate, or Strontium Chloride Hexahydrate 10% w/w) is a therapeutic dental dentifrice on the PMBI formulary. Potassium nitrate diffuses through open dentinal tubules to increase extracellular potassium ion concentration, depolarizing sensory nerve endings in the dental pulp and blocking action potential transmission to provide lasting relief from dentin hypersensitivity pain (cold, hot, sweet, tactile triggers). Strontium chloride physically occludes open dentinal tubules. Fluoride remineralizes enamel. Indicated for dentinal hypersensitivity and prevention of dental caries.

Desensitizing Toothpastes (Potassium Nitrate 5% w/w with Sodium Monofluorophosphate, or Strontium Chloride Hexahydrate 10% w/w) is a therapeutic dental dentifrice on the PMBI formulary. Potassium nitrate diffuses through open dentinal tubules to increase extracellular potassium ion concentration, depolarizing sensory nerve endings in the dental pulp and blocking action potential transmission to provide lasting relief from dentin hypersensitivity pain (cold, hot, sweet, tactile triggers). Strontium chloride physically occludes open dentinal tubules. Fluoride remineralizes enamel. Indicated for dentinal hypersensitivity and prevention of dental caries.

Omeprazole (20mg) with Sodium Bicarbonate Powder for Oral Suspension is an immediate-release proton pump inhibitor formulation. Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes gastric acid instantly, elevating intragastric pH and protecting unprotected omeprazole from acid degradation during transit to the duodenum, allowing rapid absorption without enteric coating. Indicated for acute heartburn relief, active duodenal/gastric ulcers, GERD, and prevention of upper GI bleeding in critically ill patients.

Pancreatin Gastro-Resistant Capsules (10,000, 25,000, 40,000 Lipase Units) is an oral porcine pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Each capsule contains enteric-coated mini-microspheres designed to withstand gastric acid and dissolve rapidly at duodenal pH > 5.5, releasing standardized concentrations of lipase, amylase, and protease for physiological digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Indicated for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) associated with cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, and gastrectomy.

Rebamipide Tablets (100mg) is an oral mucosal protective and cytoprotective antiulcer agent. It stimulates endogenous prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGI2) generation in gastric mucosa, promotes gastric mucus synthesis and blood flow, scavenges reactive oxygen species, and suppresses inflammatory cytokine expression. Indicated for gastric ulcers and improvement of gastric mucosal lesions (erosion, bleeding, redness, and edema) in acute gastritis and acute exacerbation of chronic gastritis.

Trientine Hydrochloride Capsules (250mg) is an oral copper-chelating agent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It binds copper by forming a stable, non-toxic planar tetradentate ring complex that is excreted in the urine, removing excess systemic and hepatic copper accumulation. Indicated for the treatment of Wilson's disease in patients who are intolerant of or unable to take penicillamine (due to severe adverse reactions or lupus-like syndromes).

Glycopyrrolate Tablets (1mg, 2mg) is an oral quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic on the PMBI formulary. It selectively blocks peripheral muscarinic receptors, markedly decreasing basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion and eliminating gastrointestinal smooth muscle spasm without causing central anticholinergic effects (confusion, sedation). Indicated as adjunctive therapy in peptic ulcer disease, severe sialorrhea (drooling), and spastic gastrointestinal disorders.

Glycopyrrolate Tablets (1mg, 2mg) is an oral quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic on the PMBI formulary. It selectively blocks peripheral muscarinic receptors, markedly decreasing basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion and eliminating gastrointestinal smooth muscle spasm without causing central anticholinergic effects (confusion, sedation). Indicated as adjunctive therapy in peptic ulcer disease, severe sialorrhea (drooling), and spastic gastrointestinal disorders.

Lamivudine Tablets (100mg) is a synthetic cytosine nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Intracellular lamivudine triphosphate incorporates into viral DNA, competitively inhibiting HBV DNA polymerase and causing DNA chain termination. Indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection in patients with evidence of hepatitis B viral replication and active liver inflammation.

Mosapride Citrate Tablets (5mg, alone or with Dimethicone 125mg chewable) is a selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist gastroprokinetic. It stimulates presynaptic 5-HT4 receptors on enteric cholinergic neurons to promote acetylcholine release, accelerating gastric emptying and duodenal transit without blocking dopamine D2 receptors. Indicated for functional dyspepsia, chronic gastritis with delayed gastric emptying, and GERD. When combined with Dimethicone, it also relieves gas bloating and flatulence.

Mosapride Citrate Tablets (5mg, alone or with Dimethicone 125mg chewable) is a selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist gastroprokinetic. It stimulates presynaptic 5-HT4 receptors on enteric cholinergic neurons to promote acetylcholine release, accelerating gastric emptying and duodenal transit without blocking dopamine D2 receptors. Indicated for functional dyspepsia, chronic gastritis with delayed gastric emptying, and GERD. When combined with Dimethicone, it also relieves gas bloating and flatulence.

Pantoprazole (40mg) and Mosapride (15mg) is a fixed-dose combination combining a proton pump inhibitor with a selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist. Mosapride enhances acetylcholine release from postganglionic nerve endings of the enteric nervous system, promoting upper gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying without dopamine D2 blockade or cardiac HERG channel inhibition. Indicated for GERD, reflux esophagitis, and chronic gastritis with delayed gastric emptying.

Rabeprazole Sodium (20mg) and Mosapride Citrate (15mg) combines a rapid gastric acid suppressor with a selective 5-HT4 agonist prokinetic. It suppresses acid secretion while promoting gastric emptying and duodenal coordination, reducing acid contact time on esophageal mucosa. Indicated for GERD, reflux esophagitis, and chronic dyspepsia with dysmotility symptoms.