NSAIDs & Pain Relief

Paracetamol / Acetaminophen (Tablets 500mg, 650mg, 1000mg; Oral Suspension 120mg, 125mg, 250mg per 5ml; Drops 100mg/ml) is a first-line non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits central prostaglandin synthesis through peroxidase-dependent inhibition of COX enzymes in the brain and spinal cord, activates descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways, and resets the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to reduce fever through cutaneous vasodilation and sweating. Unlike NSAIDs, it does NOT inhibit peripheral cyclooxygenase, causing zero gastric mucosal ulceration, platelet dysfunction, or renal vasoconstriction. Indicated as first-line therapy for mild-to-moderate pain (headache, toothache, dysmenorrhea, osteoarthritis) and fever of diverse etiologies.

Aceclofenac Tablets (100mg, 200mg Sustained Release) is an oral phenylacetic acid-derivative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on the WHO Model List framework. It exhibits preferential inhibition of the COX-2 isoenzyme over COX-1, dramatically reducing synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) and PGE2, while stimulating synthesis of extracellular cartilage matrix components (glycosaminoglycans) in articular cartilage. Indicated for symptomatic relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and acute musculoskeletal pain.

Aspirin Gastro-Resistant Tablets (150mg) is an acetylated salicylate on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It irreversibly acetylates the serine 529 residue of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), permanently suppressing platelet thromboxane A2 (TXA2) generation for the entire lifespan of the platelet (7-10 days). Enteric coating bypasses the stomach to dissolve in the alkaline duodenum, minimizing direct contact gastric mucosal injury. Indicated for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attacks (TIA), and unstable angina.

Diclofenac Sodium/Potassium Tablets (50mg Gastro-Resistant, 75mg/100mg Prolonged Release) is an oral phenylacetic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It potently inhibits both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes, halting prostaglandin synthesis, and also reduces intracellular concentrations of free arachidonic acid in leukocytes. Potassium salt provides rapid dissolution and quick pain relief; sodium prolonged-release provides steady 24-hour therapeutic coverage. Indicated for relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute musculoskeletal disorders, and acute migraine attacks.

Diclofenac Sodium/Potassium Tablets (50mg Gastro-Resistant, 75mg/100mg Prolonged Release) is an oral phenylacetic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It potently inhibits both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes, halting prostaglandin synthesis, and also reduces intracellular concentrations of free arachidonic acid in leukocytes. Potassium salt provides rapid dissolution and quick pain relief; sodium prolonged-release provides steady 24-hour therapeutic coverage. Indicated for relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute musculoskeletal disorders, and acute migraine attacks.

Diclofenac Sodium Injection (25mg/ml, 75mg/3ml) is a parenteral phenylacetic acid NSAID on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It potently inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes to block prostaglandin synthesis. Indicated for acute severe pain, renal colic, biliary colic, acute postoperative pain, and severe trauma.

Diclofenac Sodium/Potassium Tablets (50mg Gastro-Resistant, 75mg/100mg Prolonged Release) is an oral phenylacetic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It potently inhibits both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes, halting prostaglandin synthesis, and also reduces intracellular concentrations of free arachidonic acid in leukocytes. Potassium salt provides rapid dissolution and quick pain relief; sodium prolonged-release provides steady 24-hour therapeutic coverage. Indicated for relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute musculoskeletal disorders, and acute migraine attacks.

Etoricoxib Tablets (90mg, 120mg) is an oral, second-generation, highly selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor on the WHO Model List framework. It displays an exceptional in vitro COX-2 to COX-1 selectivity ratio of approximately 106:1, potently suppressing pro-inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis without inhibiting protective COX-1 in gastric mucosa or platelets. Indicated for symptomatic relief of osteoarthritis (30-60 mg daily), rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (60-90 mg daily), acute gouty arthritis (120 mg once daily for up to 8 days), and postoperative dental pain (90 mg once daily for up to 3 days).

Etoricoxib Tablets (90mg, 120mg) is an oral, second-generation, highly selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor on the WHO Model List framework. It displays an exceptional in vitro COX-2 to COX-1 selectivity ratio of approximately 106:1, potently suppressing pro-inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis without inhibiting protective COX-1 in gastric mucosa or platelets. Indicated for symptomatic relief of osteoarthritis (30-60 mg daily), rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (60-90 mg daily), acute gouty arthritis (120 mg once daily for up to 8 days), and postoperative dental pain (90 mg once daily for up to 3 days).

Paracetamol / Acetaminophen (Tablets 500mg, 650mg, 1000mg; Oral Suspension 120mg, 125mg, 250mg per 5ml; Drops 100mg/ml) is a first-line non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits central prostaglandin synthesis through peroxidase-dependent inhibition of COX enzymes in the brain and spinal cord, activates descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways, and resets the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to reduce fever through cutaneous vasodilation and sweating. Unlike NSAIDs, it does NOT inhibit peripheral cyclooxygenase, causing zero gastric mucosal ulceration, platelet dysfunction, or renal vasoconstriction. Indicated as first-line therapy for mild-to-moderate pain (headache, toothache, dysmenorrhea, osteoarthritis) and fever of diverse etiologies.

Ibuprofen Tablets (200mg, 400mg) is an oral propionic acid derivative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It reversibly and non-selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes, blocking synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Displays the most favorable gastrointestinal toxicity profile among non-selective NSAIDs at OTC analgesic doses (<=1200 mg/day). Indicated for mild-to-moderate pain (headache, dental pain, dysmenorrhea, backache), fever, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Ibuprofen Tablets (200mg, 400mg) is an oral propionic acid derivative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It reversibly and non-selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes, blocking synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Displays the most favorable gastrointestinal toxicity profile among non-selective NSAIDs at OTC analgesic doses (<=1200 mg/day). Indicated for mild-to-moderate pain (headache, dental pain, dysmenorrhea, backache), fever, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Indomethacin Capsules (25mg) is a methylated indole derivative NSAID on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It is one of the most potent non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX-1/COX-2) inhibitors available, powerfully suppressing prostaglandin synthesis, inhibiting leukocyte motility, and reducing cerebral blood flow. Indicated for acute gouty arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, severe osteoarthritis, acute bursitis/tendinitis, and paroxysmal hemicrania / hemicrania continua (indomethacin-responsive headaches).

Paracetamol / Acetaminophen (Tablets 500mg, 650mg, 1000mg; Oral Suspension 120mg, 125mg, 250mg per 5ml; Drops 100mg/ml) is a first-line non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits central prostaglandin synthesis through peroxidase-dependent inhibition of COX enzymes in the brain and spinal cord, activates descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways, and resets the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to reduce fever through cutaneous vasodilation and sweating. Unlike NSAIDs, it does NOT inhibit peripheral cyclooxygenase, causing zero gastric mucosal ulceration, platelet dysfunction, or renal vasoconstriction. Indicated as first-line therapy for mild-to-moderate pain (headache, toothache, dysmenorrhea, osteoarthritis) and fever of diverse etiologies.

Nimesulide Tablets (100mg; alone or with Paracetamol 325mg, Chlorzoxazone, or Serratiopeptidase) is a sulfonanilide NSAID on the PMBI formulary with preferential COX-2 inhibitory activity. It selectively inhibits COX-2, scavenges reactive oxygen species, and inhibits cartilage-degrading metalloproteinases with rapid analgesic onset (~15-30 minutes). Indicated for short-term treatment of acute inflammatory pain, primary dysmenorrhea, and acute musculoskeletal trauma.

Paracetamol / Acetaminophen (Tablets 500mg, 650mg, 1000mg; Oral Suspension 120mg, 125mg, 250mg per 5ml; Drops 100mg/ml) is a first-line non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits central prostaglandin synthesis through peroxidase-dependent inhibition of COX enzymes in the brain and spinal cord, activates descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways, and resets the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to reduce fever through cutaneous vasodilation and sweating. Unlike NSAIDs, it does NOT inhibit peripheral cyclooxygenase, causing zero gastric mucosal ulceration, platelet dysfunction, or renal vasoconstriction. Indicated as first-line therapy for mild-to-moderate pain (headache, toothache, dysmenorrhea, osteoarthritis) and fever of diverse etiologies.

Pentazocine Injection (30mg/ml) is a synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic on the WHO Model List framework. It acts as an agonist at kappa-opioid receptors (producing spinal analgesia, sedation, and dysphoria) and a weak partial agonist or antagonist at mu-opioid receptors. It increases blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance due to catecholamine release. Indicated for relief of moderate-to-severe pain, preoperative/pre-anesthetic sedation, and supplement to surgical anesthesia.

Serratiopeptidase Tablets 10 mg is an established pharmaceutical agent in the Pain, Fever & Arthritis category on the PMBI National Formulary. Formulated to provide analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, or chondroprotective relief according to verified pharmacopoeial standards.

Tramadol Hydrochloride Injection (50mg/ml, 100mg/2ml) is an injectable central opioid analgesic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It binds to mu-opioid receptors and inhibits neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in spinal cord dorsal horn synapses. Indicated for moderate-to-severe acute pain, post-operative surgical pain, renal colic, and severe trauma pain where oral administration is unfeasible.

Tramadol Hydrochloride Injection (50mg/ml, 100mg/2ml) is an injectable central opioid analgesic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It binds to mu-opioid receptors and inhibits neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in spinal cord dorsal horn synapses. Indicated for moderate-to-severe acute pain, post-operative surgical pain, renal colic, and severe trauma pain where oral administration is unfeasible.

Tramadol Hydrochloride Tablets (50mg, 100mg Prolonged Release) is an oral centrally acting synthetic atypical opioid analgesic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It exerts a dual synergistic mechanism: parent drug and its active M1 metabolite bind to mu-opioid receptors, while parent tramadol inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, enhancing descending spinal inhibition. Indicated for management of moderate-to-moderately-severe acute and chronic pain.

Dicyclomine Hydrochloride (10mg) and Mefenamic Acid (250mg) Tablets is a fixed-dose antispasmodic and fenamate NSAID combination. Dicyclomine relieves visceral smooth muscle spasms via antimuscarinic action and direct musculotropic relaxation; mefenamic acid inhibits cyclooxygenase and antagonizes prostaglandin receptors, eliminating pelvic pain and cramping. Indicated for severe spasmodic dysmenorrhea, intestinal colic, and spastic abdominal pain.

Paracetamol (162.5mg/325mg) and Tramadol Hydrochloride (18.75mg/37.5mg) Tablets is a synergistic, multi-mechanistic analgesic combination on the WHO Model List framework for moderate-to-severe pain. Tramadol acts as a weak mu-opioid receptor agonist while simultaneously inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin (5-HT) in the descending spinal pain inhibitory pathways. Paracetamol acts centrally to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and activate descending serotonergic pathways. Combining them produces additive analgesia at lower individual doses with faster onset (paracetamol ~30 min) and extended duration (tramadol 6-8 hours). Indicated for management of moderate-to-severe acute pain, postoperative pain, acute musculoskeletal trauma, and severe osteoarthritis flares.

Paracetamol / Acetaminophen (Tablets 500mg, 650mg, 1000mg; Oral Suspension 120mg, 125mg, 250mg per 5ml; Drops 100mg/ml) is a first-line non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits central prostaglandin synthesis through peroxidase-dependent inhibition of COX enzymes in the brain and spinal cord, activates descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways, and resets the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to reduce fever through cutaneous vasodilation and sweating. Unlike NSAIDs, it does NOT inhibit peripheral cyclooxygenase, causing zero gastric mucosal ulceration, platelet dysfunction, or renal vasoconstriction. Indicated as first-line therapy for mild-to-moderate pain (headache, toothache, dysmenorrhea, osteoarthritis) and fever of diverse etiologies.

Piroxicam Capsules / Dispersible Tablets (10mg, 20mg) is an oral oxicam-class non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Characterized by a very long elimination half-life (~50 hours), allowing once-daily dosing. Dispersible tablets disintegrate rapidly in water for easy administration. Indicated for symptomatic relief of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.

Mefenamic Acid Tablets (250mg, 500mg) and Suspension (100mg/5ml) is an oral fenamate NSAID on the WHO Model List framework. It exhibits a unique dual mechanism of action: it inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1/COX-2) to block prostaglandin synthesis, and directly antagonizes prostaglandin EP receptors on myometrial and vascular smooth muscle, providing superior relief from uterine hypercontractility and menorrhagia. Indicated for relief of primary dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), mild-to-moderate postoperative and dental pain, and headache.

Aceclofenac Tablets (100mg, 200mg Sustained Release) is an oral phenylacetic acid-derivative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on the WHO Model List framework. It exhibits preferential inhibition of the COX-2 isoenzyme over COX-1, dramatically reducing synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) and PGE2, while stimulating synthesis of extracellular cartilage matrix components (glycosaminoglycans) in articular cartilage. Indicated for symptomatic relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and acute musculoskeletal pain.

Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablets / Dispersible Tablets (10mg) is an oral pyrrolizine carboxylic acid NSAID on the WHO Model List framework for short-term continuation therapy following IV ketorolac. It exerts potent analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory action via cyclooxygenase inhibition. Indicated ONLY as continuation therapy to parenteral ketorolac for moderate-to-severe acute postoperative pain, for a total combined duration not exceeding 5 days.

Tramadol Hydrochloride Tablets (50mg, 100mg Prolonged Release) is an oral centrally acting synthetic atypical opioid analgesic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It exerts a dual synergistic mechanism: parent drug and its active M1 metabolite bind to mu-opioid receptors, while parent tramadol inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, enhancing descending spinal inhibition. Indicated for management of moderate-to-moderately-severe acute and chronic pain.

Naproxen Tablets (250mg, 500mg) is an oral propionic acid NSAID on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It reversibly inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, suppressing prostaglandin synthesis. Due to its long elimination half-life (12 to 17 hours), it provides sustained 24-hour platelet inhibition, conferring the most favorable cardiovascular safety profile among all traditional NSAIDs. Indicated for relief of pain and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute gout, acute tendinitis, bursitis, and primary dysmenorrhea.

Paracetamol / Acetaminophen (Tablets 500mg, 650mg, 1000mg; Oral Suspension 120mg, 125mg, 250mg per 5ml; Drops 100mg/ml) is a first-line non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits central prostaglandin synthesis through peroxidase-dependent inhibition of COX enzymes in the brain and spinal cord, activates descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways, and resets the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to reduce fever through cutaneous vasodilation and sweating. Unlike NSAIDs, it does NOT inhibit peripheral cyclooxygenase, causing zero gastric mucosal ulceration, platelet dysfunction, or renal vasoconstriction. Indicated as first-line therapy for mild-to-moderate pain (headache, toothache, dysmenorrhea, osteoarthritis) and fever of diverse etiologies.

Paracetamol / Acetaminophen (Tablets 500mg, 650mg, 1000mg; Oral Suspension 120mg, 125mg, 250mg per 5ml; Drops 100mg/ml) is a first-line non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits central prostaglandin synthesis through peroxidase-dependent inhibition of COX enzymes in the brain and spinal cord, activates descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways, and resets the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to reduce fever through cutaneous vasodilation and sweating. Unlike NSAIDs, it does NOT inhibit peripheral cyclooxygenase, causing zero gastric mucosal ulceration, platelet dysfunction, or renal vasoconstriction. Indicated as first-line therapy for mild-to-moderate pain (headache, toothache, dysmenorrhea, osteoarthritis) and fever of diverse etiologies.

Piroxicam Capsules / Dispersible Tablets (10mg, 20mg) is an oral oxicam-class non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Characterized by a very long elimination half-life (~50 hours), allowing once-daily dosing. Dispersible tablets disintegrate rapidly in water for easy administration. Indicated for symptomatic relief of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.

Piroxicam Capsules / Dispersible Tablets (10mg, 20mg) is an oral oxicam-class non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Characterized by a very long elimination half-life (~50 hours), allowing once-daily dosing. Dispersible tablets disintegrate rapidly in water for easy administration. Indicated for symptomatic relief of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.

Piroxicam Injection (20mg, 40mg with Benzyl Alcohol) is a parenteral oxicam-class NSAID on the WHO Model List framework. It inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 and suppresses neutrophil activation. Indicated for acute relief of severe exacerbations of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute musculoskeletal pain when oral dosing is unfeasible.

Piroxicam Injection (20mg, 40mg with Benzyl Alcohol) is a parenteral oxicam-class NSAID on the WHO Model List framework. It inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 and suppresses neutrophil activation. Indicated for acute relief of severe exacerbations of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute musculoskeletal pain when oral dosing is unfeasible.

Etodolac Tablets (300mg) is an oral pyranocarboxylic acid NSAID with preferential COX-2 selectivity on the WHO Model List framework. It selectively inhibits COX-2 over COX-1, providing effective articular anti-inflammatory action with lower incidence of gastroduodenal mucosal injury compared to non-selective agents. Indicated for acute and long-term management of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and acute mild-to-moderate pain.

Mefenamic Acid Tablets (250mg, 500mg) and Suspension (100mg/5ml) is an oral fenamate NSAID on the WHO Model List framework. It exhibits a unique dual mechanism of action: it inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1/COX-2) to block prostaglandin synthesis, and directly antagonizes prostaglandin EP receptors on myometrial and vascular smooth muscle, providing superior relief from uterine hypercontractility and menorrhagia. Indicated for relief of primary dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), mild-to-moderate postoperative and dental pain, and headache.

Mefenamic Acid Tablets (250mg, 500mg) and Suspension (100mg/5ml) is an oral fenamate NSAID on the WHO Model List framework. It exhibits a unique dual mechanism of action: it inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1/COX-2) to block prostaglandin synthesis, and directly antagonizes prostaglandin EP receptors on myometrial and vascular smooth muscle, providing superior relief from uterine hypercontractility and menorrhagia. Indicated for relief of primary dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), mild-to-moderate postoperative and dental pain, and headache.

Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection (30mg/ml) is a parenteral pyrrolo-pyrrole NSAID on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It provides powerful non-opioid analgesia comparable to therapeutic doses of morphine by potently inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 without causing respiratory depression, sedation, or bowel hypomotility. Indicated for short-term management (up to 5 days only) of moderate-to-severe acute postoperative surgical pain.

Naproxen Tablets (250mg, 500mg) is an oral propionic acid NSAID on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It reversibly inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, suppressing prostaglandin synthesis. Due to its long elimination half-life (12 to 17 hours), it provides sustained 24-hour platelet inhibition, conferring the most favorable cardiovascular safety profile among all traditional NSAIDs. Indicated for relief of pain and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute gout, acute tendinitis, bursitis, and primary dysmenorrhea.

Trypsin 48mg + Bromelain 90mg + Rutoside Trihydrate 100mg Tablets is an established pharmaceutical agent in the Pain, Fever & Arthritis category on the PMBI National Formulary. Formulated to provide analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, or chondroprotective relief according to verified pharmacopoeial standards.

Aceclofenac (200mg sustained-release) and Rabeprazole Sodium (20mg enteric-coated) Capsules is a gastro-protective NSAID combination. Aceclofenac is a phenylacetic acid NSAID that selectively inhibits COX-2 over COX-1, relieving joint pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Rabeprazole is a fast-acting proton pump inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by blocking parietal cell H+/K+-ATPase, neutralizing the risk of NSAID-induced gastric ulceration, erosions, and GI bleeding. Indicated for chronic arthritis pain, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis in patients with high gastrointestinal risk.

Diclofenac Sodium/Potassium Tablets (50mg Gastro-Resistant, 75mg/100mg Prolonged Release) is an oral phenylacetic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It potently inhibits both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes, halting prostaglandin synthesis, and also reduces intracellular concentrations of free arachidonic acid in leukocytes. Potassium salt provides rapid dissolution and quick pain relief; sodium prolonged-release provides steady 24-hour therapeutic coverage. Indicated for relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute musculoskeletal disorders, and acute migraine attacks.

Diclofenac Sodium/Potassium Tablets (50mg Gastro-Resistant, 75mg/100mg Prolonged Release) is an oral phenylacetic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It potently inhibits both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes, halting prostaglandin synthesis, and also reduces intracellular concentrations of free arachidonic acid in leukocytes. Potassium salt provides rapid dissolution and quick pain relief; sodium prolonged-release provides steady 24-hour therapeutic coverage. Indicated for relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute musculoskeletal disorders, and acute migraine attacks.

Paracetamol / Acetaminophen (Tablets 500mg, 650mg, 1000mg; Oral Suspension 120mg, 125mg, 250mg per 5ml; Drops 100mg/ml) is a first-line non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits central prostaglandin synthesis through peroxidase-dependent inhibition of COX enzymes in the brain and spinal cord, activates descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways, and resets the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to reduce fever through cutaneous vasodilation and sweating. Unlike NSAIDs, it does NOT inhibit peripheral cyclooxygenase, causing zero gastric mucosal ulceration, platelet dysfunction, or renal vasoconstriction. Indicated as first-line therapy for mild-to-moderate pain (headache, toothache, dysmenorrhea, osteoarthritis) and fever of diverse etiologies.

Naproxen (250mg/500mg) and Domperidone (10mg) Tablets is a migraine and arthritic combination. Naproxen eliminates pain and neurogenic inflammation; domperidone accelerates gastric emptying through peripheral dopamine D2 antagonism, reversing migraine-induced gastric stasis and relieving migraine nausea. Indicated for acute migraine attacks and arthritic pain with gastric fullness.

Naproxen (250mg/500mg) and Domperidone (10mg) Tablets is a migraine and arthritic combination. Naproxen eliminates pain and neurogenic inflammation; domperidone accelerates gastric emptying through peripheral dopamine D2 antagonism, reversing migraine-induced gastric stasis and relieving migraine nausea. Indicated for acute migraine attacks and arthritic pain with gastric fullness.

Paracetamol / Acetaminophen (Tablets 500mg, 650mg, 1000mg; Oral Suspension 120mg, 125mg, 250mg per 5ml; Drops 100mg/ml) is a first-line non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits central prostaglandin synthesis through peroxidase-dependent inhibition of COX enzymes in the brain and spinal cord, activates descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways, and resets the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to reduce fever through cutaneous vasodilation and sweating. Unlike NSAIDs, it does NOT inhibit peripheral cyclooxygenase, causing zero gastric mucosal ulceration, platelet dysfunction, or renal vasoconstriction. Indicated as first-line therapy for mild-to-moderate pain (headache, toothache, dysmenorrhea, osteoarthritis) and fever of diverse etiologies.

Paracetamol (162.5mg/325mg) and Tramadol Hydrochloride (18.75mg/37.5mg) Tablets is a synergistic, multi-mechanistic analgesic combination on the WHO Model List framework for moderate-to-severe pain. Tramadol acts as a weak mu-opioid receptor agonist while simultaneously inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin (5-HT) in the descending spinal pain inhibitory pathways. Paracetamol acts centrally to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and activate descending serotonergic pathways. Combining them produces additive analgesia at lower individual doses with faster onset (paracetamol ~30 min) and extended duration (tramadol 6-8 hours). Indicated for management of moderate-to-severe acute pain, postoperative pain, acute musculoskeletal trauma, and severe osteoarthritis flares.

Diclofenac Sodium/Potassium Tablets (50mg Gastro-Resistant, 75mg/100mg Prolonged Release) is an oral phenylacetic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It potently inhibits both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes, halting prostaglandin synthesis, and also reduces intracellular concentrations of free arachidonic acid in leukocytes. Potassium salt provides rapid dissolution and quick pain relief; sodium prolonged-release provides steady 24-hour therapeutic coverage. Indicated for relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute musculoskeletal disorders, and acute migraine attacks.

Paracetamol / Acetaminophen (Tablets 500mg, 650mg, 1000mg; Oral Suspension 120mg, 125mg, 250mg per 5ml; Drops 100mg/ml) is a first-line non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits central prostaglandin synthesis through peroxidase-dependent inhibition of COX enzymes in the brain and spinal cord, activates descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways, and resets the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to reduce fever through cutaneous vasodilation and sweating. Unlike NSAIDs, it does NOT inhibit peripheral cyclooxygenase, causing zero gastric mucosal ulceration, platelet dysfunction, or renal vasoconstriction. Indicated as first-line therapy for mild-to-moderate pain (headache, toothache, dysmenorrhea, osteoarthritis) and fever of diverse etiologies.

Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablets / Dispersible Tablets (10mg) is an oral pyrrolizine carboxylic acid NSAID on the WHO Model List framework for short-term continuation therapy following IV ketorolac. It exerts potent analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory action via cyclooxygenase inhibition. Indicated ONLY as continuation therapy to parenteral ketorolac for moderate-to-severe acute postoperative pain, for a total combined duration not exceeding 5 days.

Diclofenac Sodium Suppositories (100mg) is a rectal formulation on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Rectal absorption bypasses gastric mucosal contact, providing effective systemic anti-inflammatory and analgesic action. Indicated for post-operative orthopedic pain, severe arthritis flares, and acute pain in patients unable to take oral medication.

Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Solution (0.4% w/v) is a topical ocular NSAID on the WHO Model List framework. It inhibits ocular cyclooxygenase to block ocular prostaglandin synthesis, preventing intraoperative miosis and relieving postoperative ocular inflammation and photophobia following cataract surgery and refractive surgery.

Sumatriptan (85mg) and Naproxen Sodium (500mg) Tablets is a fixed-dose acute antimigraine therapy. Sumatriptan is a selective 5-HT1B/1D serotonin receptor agonist that constricts painfully dilated intracranial extracerebral blood vessels and inhibits pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release from trigeminal nerve terminals. Naproxen provides long-acting COX inhibition to suppress neurogenic dural inflammation and prevent headache recurrence. Indicated for acute treatment of migraine attacks with or without aura in adults.

Flupirtine Maleate Capsules (100mg) is a non-opioid, non-NSAID centrally acting analgesic functioning as a Selective Neuronal Potassium Channel Opener (SNEPCO). It opens voltage-gated Kv7 (KCNQ) potassium channels, hyperpolarizing the neuronal membrane and stabilizing resting membrane potential. This indirectly blocks NMDA glutamate receptors, dampening central pain sensitization, and acts as a central muscle relaxant without causing gastric ulceration or opioid-like respiratory depression. Indicated for acute moderate-to-severe pain, acute musculoskeletal pain, tension headaches, and painful muscle spasms.

Tapentadol Tablets (50mg immediate-release, 100mg extended-release) is a centrally acting synthetic analgesic with a dual mechanism: potent mu-opioid receptor agonism (MOR) and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition (NRI). Unlike tramadol, it has minimal serotonergic activity (virtually eliminating serotonin syndrome risk) and does not rely on metabolic CYP2D6 bioactivation for efficacy, producing consistent and predictable analgesia. Indicated for management of severe acute pain (immediate-release) and severe chronic pain / painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (extended-release).

Tapentadol Tablets (50mg immediate-release, 100mg extended-release) is a centrally acting synthetic analgesic with a dual mechanism: potent mu-opioid receptor agonism (MOR) and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition (NRI). Unlike tramadol, it has minimal serotonergic activity (virtually eliminating serotonin syndrome risk) and does not rely on metabolic CYP2D6 bioactivation for efficacy, producing consistent and predictable analgesia. Indicated for management of severe acute pain (immediate-release) and severe chronic pain / painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (extended-release).

Aceclofenac (200mg sustained-release) and Cyclobenzaprine (15mg sustained-release) Tablets combines a long-acting NSAID with a tricyclic-derivative centrally acting muscle relaxant. Cyclobenzaprine acts primarily at the brainstem to reduce tonic somatic motor activity influencing both alpha and gamma motor systems. Indicated for acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions associated with muscle spasm and stiffness (e.g., severe acute low back pain).

Ibuprofen Oral Suspension (100mg/5ml) is a pediatric propionic acid NSAID on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It reversibly inhibits COX enzymes to provide effective fever reduction and analgesia for up to 6 to 8 hours. Indicated for reduction of fever and relief of mild-to-moderate pain in infants and children >=3 months of age.

Tramadol Hydrochloride (50mg immediate-release) and Diclofenac Sodium (75mg sustained-release) Tablets combines a centrally acting dual-mechanism opioid with a potent peripheral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Tramadol dampens central pain transmission via mu-opioid activation and monoaminergic reuptake inhibition; diclofenac blocks peripheral COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes to eliminate tissue inflammation and prostaglandin-mediated sensitization of nociceptors. Indicated for severe acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain, post-surgical orthopedic pain, and severe osteoarthritic/rheumatoid joint destruction.