Antiparkinson & Cognitive Care

Bromocriptine Mesylate is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative that acts as a potent dopamine D2 receptor agonist and partial D1 receptor antagonist. In the tuberoinfundibular pathway, it inhibits pituitary prolactin secretion; in the striatum, it stimulates dopamine receptors to improve motor deficits. Indicated for hyperprolactinemia-associated disorders (amenorrhea, galactorrhea, prolactin-secreting adenomas), acromegaly, and Parkinson's disease.

Citicoline (Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine / CDP-Choline) is a physiological intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid component of neuronal membranes. It repairs damaged neuronal membranes, accelerates reabsorption of cerebral edema, inhibits free fatty acid release, and promotes acetylcholine and dopamine synthesis in the brain. Indicated for acute and subacute ischemic stroke recovery, traumatic brain injury (TBI), cognitive impairment, and vascular dementia.

Donepezil Hydrochloride is a reversible, non-competitive, highly selective piperidine acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It increases synaptic acetylcholine availability in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus by inhibiting its breakdown. Indicated for mild, moderate, and severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

Memantine Hydrochloride is an uncompetitive, low-to-moderate affinity, voltage-dependent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Pathological chronic exposure to high glutamate concentrations produces excitotoxic neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease; memantine blocks pathological tonic glutamate influx through NMDA channels while preserving physiological phasic neurotransmission necessary for learning and memory. Indicated for moderate-to-severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

Piracetam is the prototypical racetam nootropic agent. It binds to neuronal membranes to restore membrane fluidity, allosterically potentiates AMPA-type glutamate receptors, and improves cerebral microcirculation by reducing platelet aggregation and erythrocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium. Indicated for cortical myoclonus (as adjunctive therapy), cognitive disorders, post-stroke rehabilitation, and vertigo.

Piracetam is the prototypical racetam nootropic agent. It binds to neuronal membranes to restore membrane fluidity, allosterically potentiates AMPA-type glutamate receptors, and improves cerebral microcirculation by reducing platelet aggregation and erythrocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium. Indicated for cortical myoclonus (as adjunctive therapy), cognitive disorders, post-stroke rehabilitation, and vertigo.

Trihexyphenidyl Hydrochloride (Benzhexol) is a synthetic tertiary amine centrally acting anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) agent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It competitively antagonizes muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1) in the corpus striatum, restoring balance between dopamine deficiency and cholinergic excess. Indicated for adjunctive treatment of Parkinson's disease (particularly for reducing resting tremor and rigidity) and prevention/treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (acute dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism) caused by neuroleptics.

Donepezil Hydrochloride is a reversible, non-competitive, highly selective piperidine acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It increases synaptic acetylcholine availability in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus by inhibiting its breakdown. Indicated for mild, moderate, and severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

Modafinil is an atypical wakefulness-promoting agent. Unlike classical amphetamines, it acts as a selective, low-affinity dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor while stimulating hypocretin/orexin, histamine, and alpha-1 adrenergic systems in the hypothalamus and tuberomammillary nucleus, promoting alertness without peripheral sympathomimetic overstimulation or rebound hypersomnolence. Indicated for excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and shift work sleep disorder (SWSD).

Amantadine Hydrochloride is a synthetic tricyclic amine that acts as a low-affinity, uncompetitive antagonist at NMDA glutamate receptors, while stimulating presynaptic dopamine release and inhibiting dopamine reuptake in the striatum. Indicated for the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease, idiopathic Parkinson's symptoms, and drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions.

Cerebroprotein Hydrolysate is a purified porcine brain-derived peptide preparation containing neurotrophic factors and low-molecular-weight neuropeptides. It mimics the actions of endogenous neurotrophic factors (such as NGF and BDNF), crossing the blood-brain barrier to promote neuronal survival, stimulate neurite outgrowth, improve synaptic plasticity, and protect neurons against excitotoxicity and ischemic hypoxia. Indicated for acute ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and vascular dementia.

Citicoline and Piracetam is a synergistic neuroprotective and nootropic formulation. Citicoline serves as an essential intermediate in the biosynthesis of structural neuronal membrane phosphatidylcholine and raises brain acetylcholine and dopamine levels, while piracetam, a cyclic GABA derivative, allosterically modulates AMPA receptors, improves erythrocyte deformability, enhances microvascular cerebral blood flow, and elevates neuronal ATP turnover. Indicated for cognitive dysfunction, acute ischemic stroke recovery, vascular dementia, post-concussion syndrome, and senile memory impairment.

Levodopa and Carbidopa is the gold-standard cornerstone treatment for Parkinson's disease on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Levodopa crosses the blood-brain barrier via large neutral amino acid transporters and is decarboxylated by central DOPA decarboxylase into active dopamine in the striatum. Carbidopa does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier; it inhibits peripheral decarboxylation, preventing peripheral dopamine-mediated nausea and cardiovascular toxicity while increasing central levodopa availability tenfold. Indicated for Parkinson's disease and post-encephalitic parkinsonism.

Piracetam is the prototypical racetam nootropic agent. It binds to neuronal membranes to restore membrane fluidity, allosterically potentiates AMPA-type glutamate receptors, and improves cerebral microcirculation by reducing platelet aggregation and erythrocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium. Indicated for cortical myoclonus (as adjunctive therapy), cognitive disorders, post-stroke rehabilitation, and vertigo.

Tetrabenazine is a reversible, high-affinity inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2). By blocking VMAT2 in presynaptic nerve terminals, it inhibits the packaging and storage of monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine), leading to depletion of monoamine stores and reducing hyperkinetic involuntary movements. Indicated for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington's disease and refractory tardive dyskinesia.

Bromocriptine Mesylate is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative that acts as a potent dopamine D2 receptor agonist and partial D1 receptor antagonist. In the tuberoinfundibular pathway, it inhibits pituitary prolactin secretion; in the striatum, it stimulates dopamine receptors to improve motor deficits. Indicated for hyperprolactinemia-associated disorders (amenorrhea, galactorrhea, prolactin-secreting adenomas), acromegaly, and Parkinson's disease.

Citicoline (Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine / CDP-Choline) is a physiological intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid component of neuronal membranes. It repairs damaged neuronal membranes, accelerates reabsorption of cerebral edema, inhibits free fatty acid release, and promotes acetylcholine and dopamine synthesis in the brain. Indicated for acute and subacute ischemic stroke recovery, traumatic brain injury (TBI), cognitive impairment, and vascular dementia.

Ropinirole Tablets 1 mg is an evidence-based neuropsychiatric and central nervous system formulation. It acts by modulating neuronal neurotransmission, receptor kinetics, or ion channel conductance to manage neurological and mental health disorders.

Ropinirole Tablets 2 mg is an evidence-based neuropsychiatric and central nervous system formulation. It acts by modulating neuronal neurotransmission, receptor kinetics, or ion channel conductance to manage neurological and mental health disorders.

Ropinirole Tablets 4 mg is an evidence-based neuropsychiatric and central nervous system formulation. It acts by modulating neuronal neurotransmission, receptor kinetics, or ion channel conductance to manage neurological and mental health disorders.

Levodopa and Carbidopa is the gold-standard cornerstone treatment for Parkinson's disease on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Levodopa crosses the blood-brain barrier via large neutral amino acid transporters and is decarboxylated by central DOPA decarboxylase into active dopamine in the striatum. Carbidopa does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier; it inhibits peripheral decarboxylation, preventing peripheral dopamine-mediated nausea and cardiovascular toxicity while increasing central levodopa availability tenfold. Indicated for Parkinson's disease and post-encephalitic parkinsonism.

Pyridostigmine Bromide is a reversible carbamate quaternary ammonium acetylcholinesterase inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits the enzymatic degradation of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, prolonging and amplifying nicotinic receptor activation. Its quaternary structure prevents blood-brain barrier penetration, focusing action on peripheral muscles without central toxicity. Indicated for the symptomatic treatment of myasthenia gravis and reversal of non-depolarizing neuromuscular block.

Pramipexole is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist with high relative intrinsic activity and selectivity for dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptor subtypes, with preferential affinity for D3 receptors in the mesolimbic system. It stimulates striatal dopamine receptors directly, bypassing degenerating nigrostriatal neurons. Indicated for the treatment of signs and symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (as monotherapy in early disease or adjunct to levodopa) and moderate-to-severe primary Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS).

Ropinirole Tablets 0.25mg is an evidence-based neuropsychiatric and central nervous system formulation. It acts by modulating neuronal neurotransmission, receptor kinetics, or ion channel conductance to manage neurological and mental health disorders.

Selegiline Hydrochloride (L-deprenyl) is an irreversible, selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B). By inhibiting dopamine catabolism in the brain, it prolongs and potentiates the therapeutic action of endogenous and exogenous dopamine. Indicated as adjunctive therapy in Parkinson's disease patients being treated with levodopa/carbidopa who exhibit deterioration in the quality of response.

Modafinil is an atypical wakefulness-promoting agent. Unlike classical amphetamines, it acts as a selective, low-affinity dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor while stimulating hypocretin/orexin, histamine, and alpha-1 adrenergic systems in the hypothalamus and tuberomammillary nucleus, promoting alertness without peripheral sympathomimetic overstimulation or rebound hypersomnolence. Indicated for excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and shift work sleep disorder (SWSD).

Modafinil is an atypical wakefulness-promoting agent. Unlike classical amphetamines, it acts as a selective, low-affinity dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor while stimulating hypocretin/orexin, histamine, and alpha-1 adrenergic systems in the hypothalamus and tuberomammillary nucleus, promoting alertness without peripheral sympathomimetic overstimulation or rebound hypersomnolence. Indicated for excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and shift work sleep disorder (SWSD).

Donepezil and Memantine is a complementary dual-mechanism formulation for moderate-to-severe dementia. Donepezil, a reversible piperidine acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, increases acetylcholine concentrations at cerebral synapses, while memantine, an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, protects cholinergic neurons against pathological chronic glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Indicated for moderate-to-severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

Donepezil and Memantine is a complementary dual-mechanism formulation for moderate-to-severe dementia. Donepezil, a reversible piperidine acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, increases acetylcholine concentrations at cerebral synapses, while memantine, an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, protects cholinergic neurons against pathological chronic glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Indicated for moderate-to-severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

Modafinil is an atypical wakefulness-promoting agent. Unlike classical amphetamines, it acts as a selective, low-affinity dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor while stimulating hypocretin/orexin, histamine, and alpha-1 adrenergic systems in the hypothalamus and tuberomammillary nucleus, promoting alertness without peripheral sympathomimetic overstimulation or rebound hypersomnolence. Indicated for excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and shift work sleep disorder (SWSD).

Pramipexole is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist with high relative intrinsic activity and selectivity for dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptor subtypes, with preferential affinity for D3 receptors in the mesolimbic system. It stimulates striatal dopamine receptors directly, bypassing degenerating nigrostriatal neurons. Indicated for the treatment of signs and symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (as monotherapy in early disease or adjunct to levodopa) and moderate-to-severe primary Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS).

Pramipexole is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist with high relative intrinsic activity and selectivity for dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptor subtypes, with preferential affinity for D3 receptors in the mesolimbic system. It stimulates striatal dopamine receptors directly, bypassing degenerating nigrostriatal neurons. Indicated for the treatment of signs and symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (as monotherapy in early disease or adjunct to levodopa) and moderate-to-severe primary Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS).

Procyclidine Hydrochloride is a synthetic anticholinergic agent that blocks central muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, correcting striatal cholinergic overactivity resulting from dopamine depletion. Indicated for idiopathic and post-encephalitic Parkinson's disease, and treatment of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (acute dystonias, oculogyric crisis, pseudoparkinsonism).

Procyclidine Hydrochloride is a synthetic anticholinergic agent that blocks central muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, correcting striatal cholinergic overactivity resulting from dopamine depletion. Indicated for idiopathic and post-encephalitic Parkinson's disease, and treatment of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (acute dystonias, oculogyric crisis, pseudoparkinsonism).

Levodopa and Carbidopa is the gold-standard cornerstone treatment for Parkinson's disease on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Levodopa crosses the blood-brain barrier via large neutral amino acid transporters and is decarboxylated by central DOPA decarboxylase into active dopamine in the striatum. Carbidopa does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier; it inhibits peripheral decarboxylation, preventing peripheral dopamine-mediated nausea and cardiovascular toxicity while increasing central levodopa availability tenfold. Indicated for Parkinson's disease and post-encephalitic parkinsonism.

Citicoline (Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine / CDP-Choline) is a physiological intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid component of neuronal membranes. It repairs damaged neuronal membranes, accelerates reabsorption of cerebral edema, inhibits free fatty acid release, and promotes acetylcholine and dopamine synthesis in the brain. Indicated for acute and subacute ischemic stroke recovery, traumatic brain injury (TBI), cognitive impairment, and vascular dementia.

Entacapone is a reversible, selective, and peripherally acting catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor. It blocks the conversion of levodopa to 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) in peripheral tissues, leading to sustained plasma levodopa concentrations and greater brain bioavailability. Indicated as an adjunct to levodopa and carbidopa for Parkinson's disease patients experiencing end-of-dose motor fluctuations ("wearing-off").

Levodopa, Carbidopa, and Entacapone is a triple-combination antiparkinsonian formulation. Levodopa is the metabolic precursor of dopamine that crosses the blood-brain barrier; carbidopa is a peripheral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (DOPA decarboxylase) inhibitor; and entacapone is a reversible peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor. Carbidopa and entacapone block both major peripheral metabolic degradation pathways of levodopa, significantly increasing the plasma half-life and brain delivery of levodopa and smoothing out motor fluctuations. Indicated for Parkinson's disease patients experiencing end-of-dose motor fluctuations ("wearing-off").

Levodopa, Carbidopa, and Entacapone is a triple-combination antiparkinsonian formulation. Levodopa is the metabolic precursor of dopamine that crosses the blood-brain barrier; carbidopa is a peripheral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (DOPA decarboxylase) inhibitor; and entacapone is a reversible peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor. Carbidopa and entacapone block both major peripheral metabolic degradation pathways of levodopa, significantly increasing the plasma half-life and brain delivery of levodopa and smoothing out motor fluctuations. Indicated for Parkinson's disease patients experiencing end-of-dose motor fluctuations ("wearing-off").

Levodopa, Carbidopa, and Entacapone is a triple-combination antiparkinsonian formulation. Levodopa is the metabolic precursor of dopamine that crosses the blood-brain barrier; carbidopa is a peripheral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (DOPA decarboxylase) inhibitor; and entacapone is a reversible peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor. Carbidopa and entacapone block both major peripheral metabolic degradation pathways of levodopa, significantly increasing the plasma half-life and brain delivery of levodopa and smoothing out motor fluctuations. Indicated for Parkinson's disease patients experiencing end-of-dose motor fluctuations ("wearing-off").

Neostigmine Methylsulphate is a synthetic quaternary ammonium reversible anticholinesterase agent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction and postganglionic parasympathetic synapses, accumulating acetylcholine and competitively displacing non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. Indicated parenterally for the reversal of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade post-surgery, myasthenia gravis crisis, and non-obstructive postoperative paralytic ileus/urinary retention.

Neostigmine Methylsulphate is a synthetic quaternary ammonium reversible anticholinesterase agent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction and postganglionic parasympathetic synapses, accumulating acetylcholine and competitively displacing non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. Indicated parenterally for the reversal of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade post-surgery, myasthenia gravis crisis, and non-obstructive postoperative paralytic ileus/urinary retention.

Rasagiline is a second-generation, irreversible, selective monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor. It prevents the metabolic breakdown of dopamine in the striatum, increasing synaptic dopamine concentrations without the amphetamine metabolites associated with selegiline. Indicated as initial monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease and as adjunctive therapy to levodopa in advanced disease with motor fluctuations.

Rasagiline is a second-generation, irreversible, selective monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor. It prevents the metabolic breakdown of dopamine in the striatum, increasing synaptic dopamine concentrations without the amphetamine metabolites associated with selegiline. Indicated as initial monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease and as adjunctive therapy to levodopa in advanced disease with motor fluctuations.

Donepezil Hydrochloride is a reversible, non-competitive, highly selective piperidine acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It increases synaptic acetylcholine availability in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus by inhibiting its breakdown. Indicated for mild, moderate, and severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

Donepezil Hydrochloride is a reversible, non-competitive, highly selective piperidine acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It increases synaptic acetylcholine availability in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus by inhibiting its breakdown. Indicated for mild, moderate, and severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

Rivastigmine is a pseudo-irreversible carbamate dual inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It facilitates cholinergic transmission by delaying acetylcholine degradation, with dual enzyme inhibition providing sustained efficacy in advanced disease where BuChE activity increases. Indicated for mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type and mild-to-moderate dementia associated with Parkinson's disease.

Rivastigmine is a pseudo-irreversible carbamate dual inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It facilitates cholinergic transmission by delaying acetylcholine degradation, with dual enzyme inhibition providing sustained efficacy in advanced disease where BuChE activity increases. Indicated for mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type and mild-to-moderate dementia associated with Parkinson's disease.

Rivastigmine is a pseudo-irreversible carbamate dual inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It facilitates cholinergic transmission by delaying acetylcholine degradation, with dual enzyme inhibition providing sustained efficacy in advanced disease where BuChE activity increases. Indicated for mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type and mild-to-moderate dementia associated with Parkinson's disease.

Rivastigmine is a pseudo-irreversible carbamate dual inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It facilitates cholinergic transmission by delaying acetylcholine degradation, with dual enzyme inhibition providing sustained efficacy in advanced disease where BuChE activity increases. Indicated for mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type and mild-to-moderate dementia associated with Parkinson's disease.

Rivastigmine is a pseudo-irreversible carbamate dual inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It facilitates cholinergic transmission by delaying acetylcholine degradation, with dual enzyme inhibition providing sustained efficacy in advanced disease where BuChE activity increases. Indicated for mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type and mild-to-moderate dementia associated with Parkinson's disease.

Rivastigmine is a pseudo-irreversible carbamate dual inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It facilitates cholinergic transmission by delaying acetylcholine degradation, with dual enzyme inhibition providing sustained efficacy in advanced disease where BuChE activity increases. Indicated for mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type and mild-to-moderate dementia associated with Parkinson's disease.

Rivastigmine is a pseudo-irreversible carbamate dual inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It facilitates cholinergic transmission by delaying acetylcholine degradation, with dual enzyme inhibition providing sustained efficacy in advanced disease where BuChE activity increases. Indicated for mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type and mild-to-moderate dementia associated with Parkinson's disease.

Atomoxetine Hydrochloride is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) without psychostimulant properties. It selectively blocks the presynaptic norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the prefrontal cortex, elevating both norepinephrine and dopamine locally without altering dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, conferring therapeutic ADHD benefits with zero abuse liability. Indicated for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents, and adults.

Methylphenidate Hydrochloride is a central nervous system stimulant on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It acts by blocking the presynaptic dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), substantially inhibiting reuptake and boosting synaptic catecholamine availability in the prefrontal cortex, enhancing sustained attention, impulse inhibition, and executive control. Indicated for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.

Methylphenidate Hydrochloride is a central nervous system stimulant on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It acts by blocking the presynaptic dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), substantially inhibiting reuptake and boosting synaptic catecholamine availability in the prefrontal cortex, enhancing sustained attention, impulse inhibition, and executive control. Indicated for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.

Methylphenidate Hydrochloride is a central nervous system stimulant on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It acts by blocking the presynaptic dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), substantially inhibiting reuptake and boosting synaptic catecholamine availability in the prefrontal cortex, enhancing sustained attention, impulse inhibition, and executive control. Indicated for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.

Methylphenidate Hydrochloride is a central nervous system stimulant on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It acts by blocking the presynaptic dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), substantially inhibiting reuptake and boosting synaptic catecholamine availability in the prefrontal cortex, enhancing sustained attention, impulse inhibition, and executive control. Indicated for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.

Safinamide is a multimodal agent with dual mechanisms of action: potent, selective, and reversible inhibition of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), combined with state- and use-dependent blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels and inhibition of stimulated glutamate release. Indicated as add-on therapy to a stable dose of levodopa/carbidopa in Parkinson's disease patients experiencing "off" episodes.