Antidepressants & Mood Stabilizers

Escitalopram is the therapeutically active S-enantiomer of citalopram and the most selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) available. It binds allosterically to the primary site of the human serotonin transporter (SERT), potently inhibiting serotonin reuptake into presynaptic terminals without appreciable affinity for dopamine or norepinephrine transporters or cholinergic/histaminergic receptors. Indicated for major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Escitalopram is the therapeutically active S-enantiomer of citalopram and the most selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) available. It binds allosterically to the primary site of the human serotonin transporter (SERT), potently inhibiting serotonin reuptake into presynaptic terminals without appreciable affinity for dopamine or norepinephrine transporters or cholinergic/histaminergic receptors. Indicated for major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Fluoxetine Hydrochloride is a prototype selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It blocks the presynaptic serotonin transporter (SERT) and possesses a long elimination half-life (1-3 days for parent drug, 7-15 days for active norfluoxetine), providing a built-in buffer against abrupt discontinuation syndrome. Also displays mild 5-HT2C antagonism, contributing to energizing/activating effects. Indicated for major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder.

Nortriptyline Hydrochloride is a secondary amine tricyclic antidepressant and the active demethylated metabolite of amitriptyline. It selectively inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine over serotonin, offering effective antidepressant and neuropathic analgesia with significantly less sedation, anticholinergic burden, and orthostatic hypotension than amitriptyline. Indicated for major depressive disorder and chronic neuropathic pain syndromes.

Amitriptyline Hydrochloride is a prototype dibenzocycloheptadiene tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits the presynaptic neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, while also antagonizing muscarinic, histaminergic H1, and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, and blocking neuronal sodium channels. Indicated for major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain (diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia), chronic tension-type headache and migraine prophylaxis, and nocturnal enuresis in children.

Amitriptyline Hydrochloride is a prototype dibenzocycloheptadiene tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits the presynaptic neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, while also antagonizing muscarinic, histaminergic H1, and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, and blocking neuronal sodium channels. Indicated for major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain (diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia), chronic tension-type headache and migraine prophylaxis, and nocturnal enuresis in children.

Imipramine Hydrochloride is a dibenzazepine derivative tricyclic antidepressant on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It blocks the presynaptic reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. It is metabolized into desipramine, an active selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Indicated for major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and nocturnal enuresis in pediatric patients aged 6 years and older.

Lithium Carbonate is the classical mood-stabilizing monovalent cation on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It alters neuronal sodium transport, inhibits inositol monophosphatase (depleting free intracellular inositol and dampening phosphoinositide signaling), and inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3beta), providing neuroprotective neuroplasticity. Indicated for the treatment of acute manic and mixed episodes in bipolar disorder and long-term maintenance therapy to prevent bipolar relapses and decrease suicide risk.

Mirtazapine is a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA). It antagonizes presynaptic alpha-2 auto- and hetero-receptors, boosting central release of both norepinephrine and serotonin. It selectively blocks postsynaptic 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors (sparing patients from SSRI-associated nausea, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction) while enhancing 5-HT1A-mediated transmission. It is also a potent H1 antagonist. Indicated for major depressive disorder, particularly in patients with severe insomnia, anxiety, and weight loss.

Paroxetine is a phenylpiperidine-derivative selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with the highest affinity for SERT among all SSRIs. It also exhibits mild anticholinergic and nitric oxide synthase-inhibiting properties. Prolonged-release formulation ensures gradual drug release over 24 hours, mitigating peak-related gastrointestinal and sedative adverse effects. Indicated for major depressive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and PTSD.

Sertraline Hydrochloride is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits the membrane transporter SERT, increasing synaptic serotonin concentrations. Also exhibits weak dopamine reuptake inhibition (DAT), which may assist with fatigue and cognitive slowing. Favored in cardiac patients due to low arrhythmogenic risk. Indicated for major depressive disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety disorder.

Sertraline Hydrochloride is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits the membrane transporter SERT, increasing synaptic serotonin concentrations. Also exhibits weak dopamine reuptake inhibition (DAT), which may assist with fatigue and cognitive slowing. Favored in cardiac patients due to low arrhythmogenic risk. Indicated for major depressive disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety disorder.

Sertraline Hydrochloride is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It selectively inhibits the membrane transporter SERT, increasing synaptic serotonin concentrations. Also exhibits weak dopamine reuptake inhibition (DAT), which may assist with fatigue and cognitive slowing. Favored in cardiac patients due to low arrhythmogenic risk. Indicated for major depressive disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety disorder.

Clomipramine Hydrochloride is a chlorinated tricyclic antidepressant with exceptionally potent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibition compared to other TCAs. Its demethylated metabolite acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Considered the gold-standard pharmacological agent for severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Also indicated for treatment-resistant depression, panic disorder, and cataplexy associated with narcolepsy.

Fluvoxamine Maleate is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with notable affinity for sigma-1 receptors in the central nervous system, contributing to neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Indicated primarily for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and social anxiety disorder.

Mirtazapine is a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA). It antagonizes presynaptic alpha-2 auto- and hetero-receptors, boosting central release of both norepinephrine and serotonin. It selectively blocks postsynaptic 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors (sparing patients from SSRI-associated nausea, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction) while enhancing 5-HT1A-mediated transmission. It is also a potent H1 antagonist. Indicated for major depressive disorder, particularly in patients with severe insomnia, anxiety, and weight loss.

Dosulepin (Dothiepin) Hydrochloride is a thio-derivative tricyclic antidepressant. It blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin while exerting significant central sedative and anxiolytic actions via H1 and 5-HT2 antagonism. Indicated for major depressive illness, particularly when associated with prominent anxiety, agitation, and sleep disturbance.

Dosulepin (Dothiepin) Hydrochloride is a thio-derivative tricyclic antidepressant. It blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin while exerting significant central sedative and anxiolytic actions via H1 and 5-HT2 antagonism. Indicated for major depressive illness, particularly when associated with prominent anxiety, agitation, and sleep disturbance.

Agomelatine is a novel melatonergic antidepressant. It acts as a potent agonist at melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and a selective antagonist at serotonin 5-HT2C receptors in the frontal cortex, resynchronizing circadian sleep-wake cycles and elevating local dopamine and norepinephrine levels without increasing serotonin. Indicated for the treatment of major depressive episodes in adults.

Amitriptyline Hydrochloride is a prototype dibenzocycloheptadiene tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits the presynaptic neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, while also antagonizing muscarinic, histaminergic H1, and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, and blocking neuronal sodium channels. Indicated for major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain (diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia), chronic tension-type headache and migraine prophylaxis, and nocturnal enuresis in children.

Amitriptyline Hydrochloride is a prototype dibenzocycloheptadiene tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits the presynaptic neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, while also antagonizing muscarinic, histaminergic H1, and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, and blocking neuronal sodium channels. Indicated for major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain (diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia), chronic tension-type headache and migraine prophylaxis, and nocturnal enuresis in children.

Amitriptyline Hydrochloride is a prototype dibenzocycloheptadiene tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits the presynaptic neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, while also antagonizing muscarinic, histaminergic H1, and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, and blocking neuronal sodium channels. Indicated for major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain (diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia), chronic tension-type headache and migraine prophylaxis, and nocturnal enuresis in children.

Amoxapine is a tricyclic dibenzoxazepine antidepressant. In addition to inhibiting norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake, its active 7-hydroxy metabolite produces significant blockade of dopamine D2 receptors, conferring unique antipsychotic properties. Indicated for major depressive disorder with psychotic features (delusional depression) and neurotic depression.

Amoxapine is a tricyclic dibenzoxazepine antidepressant. In addition to inhibiting norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake, its active 7-hydroxy metabolite produces significant blockade of dopamine D2 receptors, conferring unique antipsychotic properties. Indicated for major depressive disorder with psychotic features (delusional depression) and neurotic depression.

Bupropion Hydrochloride is a monocyclic aminoketone antidepressant that acts as a dual norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It does not affect serotonin or monoamine oxidase, and lacks anticholinergic, sedative, and sexual side effects common to SSRIs. Prolonged-release tablets provide sustained plasma levels. Indicated for major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and smoking cessation aid.

Citalopram is a racemic bicyclic phthalane derivative selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It potently and selectively blocks the neuronal reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) in the central nervous system, enhancing serotonergic neurotransmission. Indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder.

Clomipramine Hydrochloride is a chlorinated tricyclic antidepressant with exceptionally potent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibition compared to other TCAs. Its demethylated metabolite acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Considered the gold-standard pharmacological agent for severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Also indicated for treatment-resistant depression, panic disorder, and cataplexy associated with narcolepsy.

Clomipramine Hydrochloride is a chlorinated tricyclic antidepressant with exceptionally potent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibition compared to other TCAs. Its demethylated metabolite acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Considered the gold-standard pharmacological agent for severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Also indicated for treatment-resistant depression, panic disorder, and cataplexy associated with narcolepsy.

Clomipramine Hydrochloride is a chlorinated tricyclic antidepressant with exceptionally potent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibition compared to other TCAs. Its demethylated metabolite acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Considered the gold-standard pharmacological agent for severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Also indicated for treatment-resistant depression, panic disorder, and cataplexy associated with narcolepsy.

Doxepin Capsules 10mg is an evidence-based neuropsychiatric and central nervous system formulation. It acts by modulating neuronal neurotransmission, receptor kinetics, or ion channel conductance to manage neurological and mental health disorders.

Doxepin Capsules 25mg is an evidence-based neuropsychiatric and central nervous system formulation. It acts by modulating neuronal neurotransmission, receptor kinetics, or ion channel conductance to manage neurological and mental health disorders.

Doxepin Capsules 75mg is an evidence-based neuropsychiatric and central nervous system formulation. It acts by modulating neuronal neurotransmission, receptor kinetics, or ion channel conductance to manage neurological and mental health disorders.

Escitalopram is the therapeutically active S-enantiomer of citalopram and the most selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) available. It binds allosterically to the primary site of the human serotonin transporter (SERT), potently inhibiting serotonin reuptake into presynaptic terminals without appreciable affinity for dopamine or norepinephrine transporters or cholinergic/histaminergic receptors. Indicated for major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Mirtazapine is a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA). It antagonizes presynaptic alpha-2 auto- and hetero-receptors, boosting central release of both norepinephrine and serotonin. It selectively blocks postsynaptic 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors (sparing patients from SSRI-associated nausea, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction) while enhancing 5-HT1A-mediated transmission. It is also a potent H1 antagonist. Indicated for major depressive disorder, particularly in patients with severe insomnia, anxiety, and weight loss.

Dosulepin (Dothiepin) Hydrochloride is a thio-derivative tricyclic antidepressant. It blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin while exerting significant central sedative and anxiolytic actions via H1 and 5-HT2 antagonism. Indicated for major depressive illness, particularly when associated with prominent anxiety, agitation, and sleep disturbance.

Nortriptyline Hydrochloride is a secondary amine tricyclic antidepressant and the active demethylated metabolite of amitriptyline. It selectively inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine over serotonin, offering effective antidepressant and neuropathic analgesia with significantly less sedation, anticholinergic burden, and orthostatic hypotension than amitriptyline. Indicated for major depressive disorder and chronic neuropathic pain syndromes.

Paroxetine is a phenylpiperidine-derivative selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with the highest affinity for SERT among all SSRIs. It also exhibits mild anticholinergic and nitric oxide synthase-inhibiting properties. Prolonged-release formulation ensures gradual drug release over 24 hours, mitigating peak-related gastrointestinal and sedative adverse effects. Indicated for major depressive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and PTSD.

Paroxetine is a phenylpiperidine-derivative selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with the highest affinity for SERT among all SSRIs. It also exhibits mild anticholinergic and nitric oxide synthase-inhibiting properties. Prolonged-release formulation ensures gradual drug release over 24 hours, mitigating peak-related gastrointestinal and sedative adverse effects. Indicated for major depressive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and PTSD.

Venlafaxine is a bicyclic phenylethylamine serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). At lower doses (< 150 mg/day), it acts predominantly as an SSRI; at higher doses, it significantly blocks norepinephrine reuptake, providing dual neurotransmitter elevation. Prolonged-release capsules provide uniform 24-hour plasma levels. Indicated for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder.

Venlafaxine is a bicyclic phenylethylamine serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). At lower doses (< 150 mg/day), it acts predominantly as an SSRI; at higher doses, it significantly blocks norepinephrine reuptake, providing dual neurotransmitter elevation. Prolonged-release capsules provide uniform 24-hour plasma levels. Indicated for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder.

Lithium Carbonate is the classical mood-stabilizing monovalent cation on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It alters neuronal sodium transport, inhibits inositol monophosphatase (depleting free intracellular inositol and dampening phosphoinositide signaling), and inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3beta), providing neuroprotective neuroplasticity. Indicated for the treatment of acute manic and mixed episodes in bipolar disorder and long-term maintenance therapy to prevent bipolar relapses and decrease suicide risk.

Trazodone Hydrochloride is a triazolopyridine serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI). At therapeutic doses, it acts as a potent antagonist at postsynaptic 5-HT2A receptors and an antagonist at alpha-1 adrenergic and histamine H1 receptors, with weak inhibition of serotonin reuptake. Indicated for major depressive disorder with comorbid anxiety or insomnia, and widely used off-label as a non-habit-forming sleep aid in depression.

Venlafaxine is a bicyclic phenylethylamine serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). At lower doses (< 150 mg/day), it acts predominantly as an SSRI; at higher doses, it significantly blocks norepinephrine reuptake, providing dual neurotransmitter elevation. Prolonged-release capsules provide uniform 24-hour plasma levels. Indicated for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder.

Venlafaxine is a bicyclic phenylethylamine serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). At lower doses (< 150 mg/day), it acts predominantly as an SSRI; at higher doses, it significantly blocks norepinephrine reuptake, providing dual neurotransmitter elevation. Prolonged-release capsules provide uniform 24-hour plasma levels. Indicated for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder.

Venlafaxine is a bicyclic phenylethylamine serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). At lower doses (< 150 mg/day), it acts predominantly as an SSRI; at higher doses, it significantly blocks norepinephrine reuptake, providing dual neurotransmitter elevation. Prolonged-release capsules provide uniform 24-hour plasma levels. Indicated for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder.

Vortioxetine is a multimodal serotonergic antidepressant (SMS). It acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SERT inhibition) combined with direct agonist activity at 5-HT1A receptors, partial agonism at 5-HT1B, and antagonist activity at 5-HT1D, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptors. This multimodal receptor profile enhances acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and histamine release, demonstrating notable benefits on depressive cognitive dysfunction. Indicated for major depressive disorder (MDD).

Vortioxetine is a multimodal serotonergic antidepressant (SMS). It acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SERT inhibition) combined with direct agonist activity at 5-HT1A receptors, partial agonism at 5-HT1B, and antagonist activity at 5-HT1D, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptors. This multimodal receptor profile enhances acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and histamine release, demonstrating notable benefits on depressive cognitive dysfunction. Indicated for major depressive disorder (MDD).

Vortioxetine is a multimodal serotonergic antidepressant (SMS). It acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SERT inhibition) combined with direct agonist activity at 5-HT1A receptors, partial agonism at 5-HT1B, and antagonist activity at 5-HT1D, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptors. This multimodal receptor profile enhances acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and histamine release, demonstrating notable benefits on depressive cognitive dysfunction. Indicated for major depressive disorder (MDD).

Tranylcypromine is a non-hydrazine, irreversible, non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). It binds and covalently inactivates both MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes, preventing the metabolic breakdown of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine throughout the central nervous system. Reserved for severe, treatment-resistant major depression refractory to other classes.

Trazodone Hydrochloride is a triazolopyridine serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI). At therapeutic doses, it acts as a potent antagonist at postsynaptic 5-HT2A receptors and an antagonist at alpha-1 adrenergic and histamine H1 receptors, with weak inhibition of serotonin reuptake. Indicated for major depressive disorder with comorbid anxiety or insomnia, and widely used off-label as a non-habit-forming sleep aid in depression.

Trazodone Hydrochloride is a triazolopyridine serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI). At therapeutic doses, it acts as a potent antagonist at postsynaptic 5-HT2A receptors and an antagonist at alpha-1 adrenergic and histamine H1 receptors, with weak inhibition of serotonin reuptake. Indicated for major depressive disorder with comorbid anxiety or insomnia, and widely used off-label as a non-habit-forming sleep aid in depression.

Fluoxetine Hydrochloride is a prototype selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It blocks the presynaptic serotonin transporter (SERT) and possesses a long elimination half-life (1-3 days for parent drug, 7-15 days for active norfluoxetine), providing a built-in buffer against abrupt discontinuation syndrome. Also displays mild 5-HT2C antagonism, contributing to energizing/activating effects. Indicated for major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder.

Fluoxetine Hydrochloride is a prototype selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It blocks the presynaptic serotonin transporter (SERT) and possesses a long elimination half-life (1-3 days for parent drug, 7-15 days for active norfluoxetine), providing a built-in buffer against abrupt discontinuation syndrome. Also displays mild 5-HT2C antagonism, contributing to energizing/activating effects. Indicated for major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder.

Tianeptine is an atypical psychotropic agent with neuroprotective and glutamatergic modulating actions. In contrast to classical antidepressants, it acts as a full agonist at the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and modulates AMPA/NMDA glutamate receptor phosphorylation in the hippocampus and amygdala, reversing stress-induced dendritic atrophy. Indicated for mild, moderate, or severe depressive episodes, dysthymia, and anxiety associated with somatic disorders.