Anticoagulants & Antiplatelets

Clopidogrel Bisulphate is an oral thienopyridine P2Y12 platelet inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It requires hepatic bioactivation by CYP2C19 to form an active thiol metabolite that irreversibly modifies platelet P2Y12 ADP receptors for the entire 7-10 day lifespan of the platelet, preventing ADP-induced platelet activation and fibrinogen binding. Indicated for secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients with recent myocardial infarction, recent ischemic stroke, or established peripheral arterial disease, and as part of DAPT in acute coronary syndromes.

Clopidogrel and Aspirin is the cornerstone Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Aspirin irreversibly acetylates platelet cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), blocking thromboxane A2 production, while clopidogrel is an oral thienopyridine prodrug whose active metabolite irreversibly binds to platelet P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors, preventing ADP-mediated glycoprotein IIb/IIIa activation. This dual blockade potently inhibits platelet aggregation across complementary pathways. Indicated for acute coronary syndromes (STEMI, NSTEMI, unstable angina) and prevention of subacute stent thrombosis following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Enoxaparin Injection 40 mg per 0.4 ml is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Enoxaparin Injection 60 mg per 0.6 ml is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Heparin Sodium Injection 5000 IU is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Heparin Sodium Injection 25000 IU is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Heparin Sodium 50IU + Benzyl Nicotinate 2mg Ointment is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Acenocoumarol Tablets 2 mg is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Streptokinase Injection 15 + 00 + 000 IU is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Warfarin Tablets 5 mg is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) Gastro-resistant Tablets 325mg is an evidence-based dermatological formulation. It acts by delivering targeted active therapeutic ingredients to cutaneous lesions to relieve skin pathology, restore barrier integrity, and manage dermatoses.

Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid, low-dose 75 mg - 150 mg) is the prototype antiplatelet agent on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It irreversibly acetylates serine 529 of platelet cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), permanently suppressing the synthesis of thromboxane A2 (a potent platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor) for the 7-10 day lifespan of the platelet. Gastro-resistant (enteric-coated) formulations protect the gastric mucosa by dissolving only in the neutral pH of the small intestine. Indicated for secondary prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), and following coronary bypass or stent placement.

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Cilostazol is a quinolinone derivative cellular phosphodiesterase III (PDE-3) inhibitor. It suppresses cyclic AMP degradation, elevating intracellular cAMP in platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells, which inhibits platelet aggregation, blocks vascular smooth muscle proliferation, and produces potent arterial vasodilation. Indicated for the reduction of symptoms of intermittent claudication in peripheral arterial disease (PAD), demonstrated by increased pain-free walking distance.

Protamine Sulphate Injection 10mg per ml is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Prasugrel Hydrochloride is a third-generation oral thienopyridine prodrug that irreversibly blocks the platelet P2Y12 ADP receptor. It undergoes single-step CYP450 bioactivation (primarily CYP3A4 and CYP2B6), achieving more rapid, potent, and consistent platelet inhibition than clopidogrel with minimal resistance. Indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Clopidogrel and Aspirin is the cornerstone Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Aspirin irreversibly acetylates platelet cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), blocking thromboxane A2 production, while clopidogrel is an oral thienopyridine prodrug whose active metabolite irreversibly binds to platelet P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors, preventing ADP-mediated glycoprotein IIb/IIIa activation. This dual blockade potently inhibits platelet aggregation across complementary pathways. Indicated for acute coronary syndromes (STEMI, NSTEMI, unstable angina) and prevention of subacute stent thrombosis following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Dabigatran Etexilate is an oral prodrug of dabigatran, a potent, competitive, reversible direct thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It binds to the active site of both free and clot-bound thrombin, preventing thrombin-mediated conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin and blocking thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Specific reversal agent (idarucizumab) is available. Indicated for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation and treatment/prophylaxis of DVT and pulmonary embolism.

Dabigatran Etexilate is an oral prodrug of dabigatran, a potent, competitive, reversible direct thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It binds to the active site of both free and clot-bound thrombin, preventing thrombin-mediated conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin and blocking thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Specific reversal agent (idarucizumab) is available. Indicated for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation and treatment/prophylaxis of DVT and pulmonary embolism.

Nicoumalone/Acenocoumarol Tablets 1 mg is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Nicoumalone/Acenocoumarol Tablets 3 mg is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Nicoumalone/Acenocoumarol Tablets 4 mg is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Rivaroxaban is an oral, direct, and selective competitive factor Xa inhibitor (DOAC) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. By blocking factor Xa, it interrupts both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation cascades, preventing thrombin generation and clot propagation. Indicated for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, treatment and prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and CAD/PAD risk reduction (in combination with aspirin).

Rivaroxaban is an oral, direct, and selective competitive factor Xa inhibitor (DOAC) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. By blocking factor Xa, it interrupts both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation cascades, preventing thrombin generation and clot propagation. Indicated for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, treatment and prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and CAD/PAD risk reduction (in combination with aspirin).

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Ticagrelor is a direct-acting, reversibly-binding cyclopentyltriazolopyrimidine P2Y12 platelet antagonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Unlike thienopyridines (clopidogrel, prasugrel), it does not require metabolic bioactivation, offering rapid, predictable, and reversible platelet inhibition. Indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) or a history of myocardial infarction and high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event.

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Dabigatran Etexilate is an oral prodrug of dabigatran, a potent, competitive, reversible direct thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It binds to the active site of both free and clot-bound thrombin, preventing thrombin-mediated conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin and blocking thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Specific reversal agent (idarucizumab) is available. Indicated for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation and treatment/prophylaxis of DVT and pulmonary embolism.

Warfarin Tablets 1mg is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Warfarin Tablets 2mg is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Recombinant Human Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (rt-PA / Alteplase) is a fibrin-specific thrombolytic biological enzyme on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It binds selectively to fibrin in a thrombus and converts trapped plasminogen into active plasmin, which cleaves fibrin matrices and dissolves the occlusive blood clot, restoring organ perfusion. Indicated for acute ischemic stroke (within 4.5 hours of symptom onset), acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and massive acute pulmonary embolism with hemodynamic instability.

Recombinant Human Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (rt-PA / Alteplase) is a fibrin-specific thrombolytic biological enzyme on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It binds selectively to fibrin in a thrombus and converts trapped plasminogen into active plasmin, which cleaves fibrin matrices and dissolves the occlusive blood clot, restoring organ perfusion. Indicated for acute ischemic stroke (within 4.5 hours of symptom onset), acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and massive acute pulmonary embolism with hemodynamic instability.

Nicoumalone (Acenocoumarol) 2mg Tablets is an evidence-based cardiovascular and hemodynamic pharmaceutical formulation. It acts by modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, autonomic receptors, or fluid-electrolyte balance to manage cardiovascular disease.

Apixaban is an oral, highly selective, reversible direct factor Xa inhibitor (DOAC) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits free and clot-bound factor Xa as well as prothrombinase activity, directly decreasing thrombin generation and thrombus development without requiring antithrombin III. Does not require routine INR monitoring. Indicated for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, treatment and secondary prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and DVT prophylaxis following hip or knee arthroplasty.

Apixaban is an oral, highly selective, reversible direct factor Xa inhibitor (DOAC) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits free and clot-bound factor Xa as well as prothrombinase activity, directly decreasing thrombin generation and thrombus development without requiring antithrombin III. Does not require routine INR monitoring. Indicated for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, treatment and secondary prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and DVT prophylaxis following hip or knee arthroplasty.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, reducing peripheral arterial resistance, decreasing aldosterone secretion, and inhibiting the enzymatic degradation of bradykinin, producing potent vasodilation and cardioprotection. Indicated for essential hypertension, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), post-myocardial infarction, and diabetic nephropathy.

Clopidogrel Bisulphate is an oral thienopyridine P2Y12 platelet inhibitor on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It requires hepatic bioactivation by CYP2C19 to form an active thiol metabolite that irreversibly modifies platelet P2Y12 ADP receptors for the entire 7-10 day lifespan of the platelet, preventing ADP-induced platelet activation and fibrinogen binding. Indicated for secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients with recent myocardial infarction, recent ischemic stroke, or established peripheral arterial disease, and as part of DAPT in acute coronary syndromes.

Ticagrelor is a direct-acting, reversibly-binding cyclopentyltriazolopyrimidine P2Y12 platelet antagonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Unlike thienopyridines (clopidogrel, prasugrel), it does not require metabolic bioactivation, offering rapid, predictable, and reversible platelet inhibition. Indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) or a history of myocardial infarction and high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event.

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.

Rivaroxaban is an oral, direct, and selective competitive factor Xa inhibitor (DOAC) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. By blocking factor Xa, it interrupts both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation cascades, preventing thrombin generation and clot propagation. Indicated for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, treatment and prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and CAD/PAD risk reduction (in combination with aspirin).

Rivaroxaban is an oral, direct, and selective competitive factor Xa inhibitor (DOAC) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. By blocking factor Xa, it interrupts both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation cascades, preventing thrombin generation and clot propagation. Indicated for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, treatment and prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and CAD/PAD risk reduction (in combination with aspirin).

Statin and Antiplatelet (Aspirin +/- Clopidogrel) cardiovascular polypill formulation. Unites intensive lipid lowering and plaque stabilization (via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with antiplatelet thrombus prevention (via irreversible COX-1 inhibition and/or ADP P2Y12 platelet receptor blockade). Indicated for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI/stenting), and ischemic stroke.