Nebivolol

Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist (cardioselective beta-1 blocker, non-selective beta blocker, or third-generation vasodilating beta-blocker with alpha-blockade or nitric oxide release) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It competitively blocks adrenergic stimulation, reducing heart rate, myocardial contractility, cardiac output, and renin release. Indicated for hypertension, stable angina pectoris, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and post-myocardial infarction secondary prevention.

Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist (cardioselective beta-1 blocker, non-selective beta blocker, or third-generation vasodilating beta-blocker with alpha-blockade or nitric oxide release) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It competitively blocks adrenergic stimulation, reducing heart rate, myocardial contractility, cardiac output, and renin release. Indicated for hypertension, stable angina pectoris, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and post-myocardial infarction secondary prevention.

Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist (cardioselective beta-1 blocker, non-selective beta blocker, or third-generation vasodilating beta-blocker with alpha-blockade or nitric oxide release) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It competitively blocks adrenergic stimulation, reducing heart rate, myocardial contractility, cardiac output, and renin release. Indicated for hypertension, stable angina pectoris, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and post-myocardial infarction secondary prevention.

Amlodipine (or S-Amlodipine, the pure chirally active enantiomer with lower incidence of ankle edema) is a third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle through L-type channels, resulting in potent peripheral arterial and coronary vasodilation with an exceptionally long half-life (30-50 hours). Indicated for essential hypertension, chronic stable angina pectoris, and vasospastic (Prinzmetal's) angina.

Telmisartan is a potent, non-peptide, long-acting angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It exhibits an exceptionally long elimination half-life (around 24 hours) providing sustained 24-hour blood pressure control with high trough-to-peak ratio, and uniquely functions as a partial agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), improving glucose handling and lipid metabolism. Indicated for essential hypertension and cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with coronary artery disease, stroke, or diabetes with end-organ damage.

Cilnidipine is a novel fourth-generation calcium channel blocker with unique dual L-type and N-type voltage-gated calcium channel antagonist properties. While L-type blockade dilates vascular smooth muscle, N-type blockade at sympathetic nerve terminals inhibits the pathological release of norepinephrine, suppressing sympathetic nervous hyperactivity, preventing reflex tachycardia, and dilating both afferent and efferent renal arterioles to lower intraglomerular hydrostatic pressure. Indicated for essential hypertension, particularly in patients with morning hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, or ankle edema from amlodipine.

Cilnidipine is a novel fourth-generation calcium channel blocker with unique dual L-type and N-type voltage-gated calcium channel antagonist properties. While L-type blockade dilates vascular smooth muscle, N-type blockade at sympathetic nerve terminals inhibits the pathological release of norepinephrine, suppressing sympathetic nervous hyperactivity, preventing reflex tachycardia, and dilating both afferent and efferent renal arterioles to lower intraglomerular hydrostatic pressure. Indicated for essential hypertension, particularly in patients with morning hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, or ankle edema from amlodipine.

Amlodipine (or S-Amlodipine, the pure chirally active enantiomer with lower incidence of ankle edema) is a third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle through L-type channels, resulting in potent peripheral arterial and coronary vasodilation with an exceptionally long half-life (30-50 hours). Indicated for essential hypertension, chronic stable angina pectoris, and vasospastic (Prinzmetal's) angina.

Amlodipine (or S-Amlodipine, the pure chirally active enantiomer with lower incidence of ankle edema) is a third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It inhibits transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle through L-type channels, resulting in potent peripheral arterial and coronary vasodilation with an exceptionally long half-life (30-50 hours). Indicated for essential hypertension, chronic stable angina pectoris, and vasospastic (Prinzmetal's) angina.

Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist (cardioselective beta-1 blocker, non-selective beta blocker, or third-generation vasodilating beta-blocker with alpha-blockade or nitric oxide release) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It competitively blocks adrenergic stimulation, reducing heart rate, myocardial contractility, cardiac output, and renin release. Indicated for hypertension, stable angina pectoris, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and post-myocardial infarction secondary prevention.